ABSTRACT
Ossifying fibromas are true neoplasms that involve maxillofacial and craniofacial regions. The posterior mandibular region is the most common site for occurrence in maxillomandibular region. These lesions are asymptomatic, well defined radiologically, and show characteristic features histologically. The treatment plan includes enucleation of smaller lesions and resection and reconstruction of larger lesions. We report a case of large ossifying fibroma of mandible in a 13-year-old female child that was resected and reconstructed with vascularised fibula flap.

ABSTRACT
The study explored the research question: What are the influencers of land users’ perceptions of land resources? It sought opinions of respondents on whether or not a list of identified circumstances were influencers of land users’ perceptions of land resources. A structured interview schedule was used to collect data from 101 land users in Mphosong-Bolahla catchment area, who were selected using Nassiuma’s [1] Formula. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer programme version 20.0 and the findings were presented using statistical indicators, namely: means and standard deviations. The findings revealed that respondents were generally aware of the socio-economic, cultural and institutional influencers of land users’ perceptions of their land resources. The socio-economic influencers were: ownership of freehold land and small landholdings, availability of off-farm income, employment, better market access, labour-intensive nature of land resource management, lack of access to consumer markets, insecurity of tenure, education, access to credit, and poverty. The cultural influencers were: rotational grazing, awareness of cropping systems and consequences, awareness of economic value of land, belief in land ownership as basis for personal and family identity, adherence to succession in land management, and belief that land is a cultural asset. The institutional influencers were: integration of stakeholders in planning management of rangeland resources, training for promotion of conservation technologies, access to conservation services, policy failures, and complexity of government procedures. The study concluded that land users recognise the existence of socio-economic, cultural and institutional influencers of their views on land resources and that this abundant wealth and resourcefulness ought to be optimised through their adequate involvement in decision-making regarding their land resources.

ABSTRACT
Chemical screening and antimicrobial activities of stems and roots of Rwandan Urtica massaica Mildbr. (Urticaceae) were investigated. Chemical screening revealed that majority of bioactive secondary metabolites was present at higher concentration in stem than in root. Antimicrobial activities of both stem and root bark methanolic extracts, SBME and RBME, were followed by Agar Disc diffusion and Broth Macro-dilution methods; Inhibition zones, Minimum Inhibition Concentration, MIC and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration, MBC; against the tested microbial strains. Values of inhibition zone for SBME against E. coli were 21.667±1.529 to 28.000±2.851mm. RBME inhibited E. coli from 19.667±1.734 to 25.667±1.023mm. Salmonella sp were fully resistant to RBME. SBME inhibited Salmonella sp from 7.167±0.208 to 24.067±2.503mm but inhibited S. aureus from 17.333±1.335 to 21.667±0.334mm. RBME against S. aureus showed 15.000±0.578, 17.000±0.578 and 20.667±0.334mm inhibition zones respectively. MIC values of SBME were 6.250±1.562mg/mL (E. coli), 10.156±4.752mg/mL (Salmonella sp) and 6.250±1.563mg/mL (S. aureus). MIC of RBME were 7.813±1.563mg/mL (E. coli) and 7.813±1.563mg/mL (S. aureus) though it was found inactive against Salmonella sp. MBC values of SBME were 12.500±3.125mg/mL (E. coli), 19.531±10.156mg/mL (Salmonella sp) and 12.500±3.125mg/mL (S. aureus). MBC values of RBME were 15.625±3.125mg/mL (E. coli) and 15.625±3.125mg/mL (S. aureus). The results indicated greater antimicrobial activities of stem than root of U. massaica, thus corroborating with the fact that majority of bioactive phytochemicals were highly present in SBME than in RBME. U. massaica stem should be considered as natural antimicrobial potential to treat infectious diseases.

ABSTRACT
The Lorentz transformation (LT) has been shown to be self-contradictory (Clock Puzzle). The reason is because it predicts both proportional time dilation and the remote non-simultaneity of events. Consequently, the LT erroneously requires that when a null time difference is multiplied with a constant time-dilation factor, the resulting time difference in another rest frame can be different from zero. This possibility stands in direct conflict with a fundamental axiom of elementary algebra. The precursor of the LT was introduced by Voigt in 1887. He pointed out that one can make a change in the Galilean transformation that makes it compatible with experimental data which indicate that the speed of light in free space is the same for all observers, regardless of their state of motion. The history of how the Voigt transformation ultimately evolved into the LT over the next 20 years is reviewed. In the process, it is shown how a different approach can be taken which eliminates the above contradiction inherent in the LT, while at the same time retaining the essential characteristics of light-speed constancy and consistency with Galileo's Relativity Principle (RP). The resulting space-time transformation eschews the space-time mixing characteristic of both the LT and the original Voigt transformation. In this way, it removes the possibility of remote non-simultaneity, and instead insists on the proportionality of time dilation, which in turn is shown to follow directly from a straightforward extension of Newton's Law of Inertia. The resulting set of equations [Newton-Voigt Transformation (NVT)] is found to agree with all experimental timing data obtained to the present day.

ABSTRACT
Damping off and foot rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii and Fusarium oxysporum, respectively are the two deadly diseases in chilli occur at the seedling stage. In the present study, the formulated indigenous Trichoderma harzianum and its spore suspension alone or in combinations were used to control damping off and foot rot diseases of chilli in net house conditions. The combined application of chickpea based formulated T. harzianum and its spore suspension was found to reduce damping off by 75.02-86.96% and foot rot by 74.29-89.28% over control caused by both the fungi. The combined application of the treatment was also found to increase seed germination by 66.23-90.57% over control. Furthermore, the combined application of formulated T. harzianum and its spore suspension also resulted higher shoot length (9.33 cm and 7.88 cm), root length (4.03 cm and 3.95 cm), and vigor index (1097% and 1010%) at 14 days after sowing over S. rolfsii and F. oxysporum inoculated plants, respectively. Based on the present investigation, the chickpea bran-based Trichoderma harzianum formulation and suspension might be exploited for the management of damping off and foot rot diseases of chilli.

ABSTRACT
The globalization of world economies and the interrelationships with the global environment has given impetus to sustainable development. The overriding importance of this global initiative is to achieve a synergy in local and international policy and legal frameworks which guide development in ways that do not compromise environmental capital for present and future growth. The process leading to this development agenda meant that the countries of the North and South must come to terms with the obvious political, economic and technological landscape that separate them and seek ways to coalesce them. These components of development goals and their overall impact on sustainable development is the focus of this paper.

ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to assess allelic and genotypic frequencies at the selected blood protein [Albumin (Alb.), Haemoglobin (Hb.) and Transferrin (Tf)] loci in indigenous turkey populations in Southern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria. Blood samples were collected from 42 birds, 14 birds each from Benue, Kogi and Nasarawa States via purposive sampling. The blood was analysed by electrophoresis. The genetic relationship of the population was determined by using Tools for Population Genetics Analysis (TFPGA), version 1.3. Result obtained indicated that, two co-dominant alleles (A and B) which controlled three different genotypes (AA, AB and BB) were observed for Alb and Tf while only two genotypes (AA and BB) for the Hb polymorphic loci were observed. Sexual differences in gene and genotypic frequencies of Alb, Hb and Tf of male and female turkeys showed that genotype Alb AB and allele A were prevalent in the male while genotype Alb BB and Allele B were predominant in the female turkey. However, at the haemoglobin locus, genotype HbAA and allele A were prevalent in the male and female turkey, respectively. For tranferrin, genotype TfAB was most predominant in the male with equal frequencies in both alleles while genotype TfBB and allele B were most prevalent in the female. From the estimates of variability parameters in the populations under study, it can be concluded that the populations are under similar evolutionary forces and there were no appreciable differences among them. It was recommended that the result of this study be used as initial guide for defining objective of genetic improvement and developing strategies for conservation of Nigerian indigenous turkey.

ABSTRACT
Insects are beneficial in many areas such as pollination of plants, neutralization of pests, control of pest population and production of useful material including food for humans. In applied entomology, insects are beneficial for the ecosystem and sustainable agriculture. Biological control using parasitoids is one of the applications known worldwide. Another very interesting use is the study of insects associated with a corpse: science known as forensic entomology. This study was carried out to analyze the succession of necrophagous insects. The objective is to show their chronology, which could be used to estimate the post mortem interval (PMI) in Burundi, a country of the African Great Lakes region where corpses are frequently found in the forests. Analysis of the results revealed that two species of social insects belonging to the order of hymenoptera namely Monomoriun pharaonis and Leptothorax acervorum arrive early on the corpse. These results could be explained in three ways: the chemical reception of social insects of the order hymenoptera illustrated by the smell of gases from the degradation and decomposition of the corpse, but also behavior and communication of social insects.

ABSTRACT
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are widely used for investigating retroviral pathogenesis. Before experiments are conducted and breeding programs established, the animals must be judged negative for endogenous retroviruses. We developed a multiplex high-throughput detection method using multiplexed Luminex fluorescent microbeads and the xTAG system (MMxTAG). We tested three retroviral DNA detection assays for use in a single tube reaction by taking advantage of the Luminex xTAG platform. The assay showed a high sensitivity that was comparable to qPCR methods. The detection limits approached 1-10 fg/μL of plasmid DNA. We compared the specificity, efficiency and accuracy with ELISA assays and found our assay was superior in all regards. The MMxTAG performed well with clinical specimens and could selectively detect a single virus in the presence of the other two. This MMxTAG procedure can be applied to pathogen monitoring in animals and is present in a high throughput format that has low operating and development costs for protecting monkey contacts against these infectious diseases.