ABSTRACT
Makala hii imewasilisha uchunguzi uliofanywa kuhusu michakato na mbinu zilizotumika katika uundaji wa toponemia katika jamii. Lengo mahsusi la utafiti huu lilikuwa kupambanua miundo ya toponemia katika eneo la Mwimbi na Muthambi jimboni dogo la Maara. Maeneo haya yaliteuliwa kwa vile yalihusiana kilugha na kiutamaduni hasa katika suala la onomastiki. Nadharia ya Ujinaishaji ndiyo ilitumiwa kuongoza utafiti huu. Data ya utafiti huu ilikusanywa kwa kupitia kwa ya mahojiano ya ana kwa ana pamoja na hojaji. Mahojiano yalimwezesha mtafiti kupata data ya kutosha na halisi moja kwa moja kutoka kwa wahojiwa. Hojaji ilimwezesha mtafiti kukusanya data kwa urahisi katika maeneo mengi na kutoka kwa sampuli kubwa. Walengwa katika utafiti huu walikuwa wakaazi wa Mwimbi na Muthambi. Usampulishaji ulifanywa kimaksudi kwa kuhusisha machifu 5 wa kata 5 za Mwimbi na Muthambi na manaibu wa chifu 25 kutoka kata ndogo 25 za eneo hili. Watawala hao walichaguliwa kwa sababu wao ni wenyeji wa eneo hili walio na habari kuhusu maeneo yao ya utawala, na hivyo wangetoa habari kamilifu kuhusu maswali ya utafiti. Sampuli nyingine ya Wazee 20 wenye umri wa miaka sabini na zaidi walichaguliwa kimakusudi kwa kutumia mbinu ya kimtandao ili kutoa habari kuhusu michakato ya uundaji wa toponemia za shule za msingi katika eneo la Mwimbi na Muthambi. Sampuli ya wazee iliweza kupatikana kwa urahisi kwa sababu ndio wanaopata pesa za wazee na walijulikana katika vijiji vyao. Uchambuzi na uwasilishaji wa data ya utafiti huu ulitumia mkabala wa kimaelezo kulingana na madhumuni na swali la utafiti. Matokeo ya utafiti huu ni marejeleo muhimu kwa watafiti wengine watakaoshughulikia vipengele vya onomastiki katika lahaja ya Kimwimbi na Muthambi. Aidha, utafiti huu ulibainisha michakato mbalimbali ya uundaji wa toponemia katika jamii.

ABSTRACT
Dental and oral disease is a high prevalence in Indonesia 88.8% of the population has dental caries and periodontitis, 93% of children under 12 years of age have dental caries, 67.2% have experienced caries and 43.4% have not been treated. Dental plaque is a soft deposit that is firmly attached to the tooth surface, consisting of microorganisms that cause dental caries. Caries prevention and plaque control can be done by using mouth wash; it will be more effective if you rinse your mouth using herbal mouthwash that contains antioxidants and anti-bacterial. Cocoa Bean Extract (Theobroma Cacao L.) contains secondary metabolites, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids and has anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory properties and has a strong inhibitory effect on S. mutans bacteria. The purpose of the study: to determine the phytochemical content of cocoa beans, determine the effectiveness of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Kill Concentration (KBM) of mouthwash of cocoa bean methanol extract, determine the toxicity of mouthwash of cocoa bean methanol extract, determine the decrease in plaque index before and after gargling with methanol extract of cocoa beans (Theobroma Cacao L.), determine the effectiveness of the pH of the oral cavity before and after gargling methanol extract of cocoa beans (Theobroma Cacao L.). The research method is a laboratory experiment with a post-test only control group design. The research was conducted in the laboratory of the USK Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and the USK FMIPA laboratory in 2022. Dry samples of 1 kg cocoa beans were macerated with 80% methanol for 3x24 hours; the filtrate was evaporated using a rotary evaporator to obtain a thick methanolic extract of cocoa beans. Phytochemical test results of methanol extract of cocoa beans contain compounds, phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Test The average number of colonies of S. mutans ....

ABSTRACT
Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) creates a global pandemic and affects more than 200 countries/regions. As of July 30, 2020, the cumulative number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the world exceeded 16 million. SARS-CoV-2-infected patients are more likely to be admitted to the hospital and enter the intensive care unit, with high mortality. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 patients are fever and cough. Objective: To assess the magnesium sulfate extended infusion as an adjunctive treatment for covid-19 infected for anaesthesia. Materials and Methods: The prospective study was undertaken Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College for women and Hospital, Uttara, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July to December 2021. Of the 157 anesthesiologists who responded to this survey, 57 (36.0%) reported using magnesium sulfate in anesthesia. All patients received standard therapy for asthma, while the treatment group received an intravenous magnesium sulfate bolus of 50-75 mg/kg (0.2-0.3 mmol/kg) followed by 40 mg/kg/h (0.16 mmol/kg/h) for 4 h. Patients were monitored for cardiorespiratory complications. The treatment group underwent four blood draws to assess pharmacokinetic parameters. Results: Of the 157 anesthesiologists who responded to this survey, 57 (36.0%) reported using magnesium sulfate in anesthesia. The highest participants 50 years above 48(30.5%), 31-40 years 28(17.8%) and 0-10 years 04(2.5%). The frequency of use of adjuvant drugs in anesthesia is described. The number and percentage of clinical effects (n/%) for the use of magnesium sulfate in anesthesia were (in descending order, more than one response per participant allowed): postoperative analgesia (41/71.9%), reduction of anesthetic consumption (59/68.4%), prevention and treatment of preeclampsia and seizures in eclampsia (36/63.1%), prevention and treatment of arrhythmias (29/50.8%), reduction of the dose .......

ABSTRACT
Bridging classes are clearly today, one of the major educational offerings in Côte d'Ivoire. The bridge school provides a second chance for out-of-school children between the ages of 9 and 13 to enter or re-enter the formal school system. In this perspective, the initiatives taken by the NGO International Save the Children, have enabled many out-of-school children to have access to Education. This work aims to assess the impact of bridging classes on access to formal education for out-of-school children in cocoa-producing communities in Soubré. The methodology includes a questionnaire and a semi-structured interview guide for stakeholders in the Nawa region. The results indicate that the construction of bridging classes has enabled 453 children from the target communities who are out of school or out of school to have a chance of being educated or reintegrated into formal educational pathways. However, cultural and economic burdens pose major challenges in terms of their sustainability. It is therefore important to remove all these obstacles in order to facilitate the transition of beneficiary children to formal school.

ABSTRACT
This study examined if inward foreign direct investment (to be referred to as FDI henceforth) and economic infrastructural in a country interact insofar as economic development is concerned. The study classified 95 developing countries selected based on data availability by geographical region. Secondary data from 1998 to 2020 was used and regression analysis performed on panel data set spanning for 23 years using E-views. Eleven equations were tested for robustness and results analyzed. The study found that FDI inflows and economic infrastructure individually increase gross domestic product per capita growth. This study also used a distributed-lag model and showed that economic infrastructure and inward FDI interact with a lag. The study established that last period’s economic infrastructure and inward FDI interact. This, positively and significantly, increase current gross domestic product per capita. Unambiguously therefore, this paper concluded that economic infrastructure is the main transmission mechanism through which FDI influences the host country’s economic development. Good economic infrastructure increases productivity of investment and therefore promotes FDI inflows. Consequently, gross domestic product per capita increases. This, ceteris paribus, raises global welfare. Physical domestic investment is exogenous in this paper’s modelling and can be endogenous in a second equation. The paper therefore used instrumental variables (IV) through a stronger method of 2SEGLS (Two Stages Estimated Generalized Least Square) and showed the implicit “second” estimated equation of physical domestic investment. The empirical finding from this autoregressive model showed that inward FDI could be crowding out domestic investment in developing countries.