ABSTRACT
Hypertension is a major public health problem and important area of research due to its high prevalence and being major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and other complications. This study aims to assess the prevalence of hypertension and, investigate the associated risk factors of hypertension among study subjects in Ifakala community in Mbaitolu Local Government Area of Imo State. A descriptive cross sectional study design was used and it was carried out from March to august 2019. The study involves 403 respondents aged from 18 to 90 years. A check list was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and binary logistic regression tests at P<0.05. The result indicated that the prevalence of hypertension was 42.7% (male: 57.6%, female: 42.4%). The proportion of reported prevalence of hypertension based on age was 10.7% for below 30 years, while 5.5% were for age 60 years and above. The body mass index of the respondents was 5.2%, 52.0%, 29.5% and 13.3% for underweight, normal, overweight and obese, respectively. There is statistical significant relationship between hypertension and alcohol (p<0.05), as well as between hypertension and tobacco consumption (p<0.05). This study revealed moderate prevalence of hypertension. There is need to create more awareness and implement intervention for prevention and early detection of hypertension, especially between 50- 59years and overweight or obese.

ABSTRACT
Rectal injuries due to blunt or penetrating trauma are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, yet there is a lack of consensus regarding their optimal management. The management of penetrating rectal trauma invokes a complex decision tree that has been established based on lessons learned during war. It involves proximal faecal diversion by a stoma, rectal washout and placement of pre-sacral drain. Today surgeons worldwide variably use these techniques. We present a case where a young male accidentally slipped and fell on a beer bottle which got inserted in his rectum. He presented a few days later with scrotal and perineal cellulitis.

ABSTRACT
Global population increases have expanded livestock industries and the demand for forage production. These factors have necessitated forage production with poor-quality irrigation water in semi-arid and arid regions. A greenhouse study evaluated the effect of poor-quality irrigation water on seedling growth to 90 days after planting alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and triticale [×Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus (Secale × Triticum)], which were selected as representative forage crop species. Treatments were: fresh water (control; 0.7 dS m-1), brackish groundwater (BGW; 4 dS m-1), reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC; 8 dS m-1; Ca dominant), and BGW plus sodium chloride (BGW+NaCl; 8 dS m-1; Na dominant). Treatment influences on germination have been reported. This article reports the potential influence of those treatments during that 90-d period after which newly spring-seeded alfalfa would normally be harvested the first time and triticale would typically be ready to graze. Increasing salinity of the irrigation water had no effect on forage crude protein content, but it reduced acid detergent fiber and amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) (375, 310, 300, 319 g kg-1 aNDF for the control, BGW, ROC, and BGW+NaCl treatments, respectively; P < 0.05, SED = 15) and increased non-fiber carbohydrates. Further research at the field level and over a longer period for alfalfa is needed to validate the results of this preliminary study and to evaluate the influence of poor-quality water for irrigating these and other forage crop species.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: The surgeon considers abdomen as an enigma because in a good proportion of his cases, the cause of abdominal pain or the nature of the abdominal lump, may not be decided in spite of all possible investigations. But application of anatomical knowledge makes diagnosis more interesting and more rational except in few cases. Objective: To assess the non-traumatic acute abdomen and its diseases spectrum. Materials and Methods: The prospective study was conducted in Department of Surgery, BSMMU, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January-2018 to January-2020. All the patients admitted into the surgery units of BSMMU with an initial diagnosis of acute abdomen of nontraumatic origin. Two hundred cases of nontraumatic emergency laparotomy patients were studied in surgical unit. Acute abdominal pain was the constant symptom with different degree of severity, presenting either locally or diffusely. In conditions with peritonitis either local or diffuse, muscle guarding, rigidity or diminished bowel sound were found. Results: In the present study 201 patients were included. All these patients underwent emergency laparotomy with the provisional diagnosis of acute abdomen. Conclusion: The most common cause of acute abdomen in the study was acute appendicitis, affecting young population; this was followed by Hollow viscus perforation with peritonitis and bowel obstruction. To evaluating patients with acute appendicitis and peritonitis, plain x ray abdomen high sensitive in bowel obstruction and peritonitis as well. USG abdomen had high specificity as well as positive and negative predictive value in acute appendicitis. Acute appendicitis was the commonest cause 48% of patients presenting to Emergency and Casualty as acute abdomen. It must be remembered that 'Diagnostic errors at the initial assessment may at best result in unnecessary surgical intervention, and at worst demise of the patient or a protracted illness due to the development of complications, which could have ......

ABSTRACT
The complexity of the occurrence of these oral mucosal infections highlights the need to combine an antiviral drug, in addition to the local treatment administered, in the management of oral diseases associated with viral infections. However, a careful and well-conducted clinical examination gives a good diagnostic orientation to better adapt the best therapeutic procedure. The objective of this study was to review the non-tumoral oral manifestations of viral infections through a review.

ABSTRACT
The dynamic environment and the capability of information systems is one of the challenges companies face in order to achieve effective performance. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of Management Information Systems agility on the performance of commercial banks in Nairobi city County, Kenya. Commercial banks in Nairobi County have been performing poorly because of poor service quality, insufficient ICT literacy of bank employees, information system insecurity, inadequate information storage and government regulations. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of service quality, ICT literacy, system security and information storage on the performance of commercial banks in Nairobi County Kenya. The target population was 430 employees from 43 commercial banks in Nairobi County Kenya. Purposive sampling was used to draw a sample size of 86 ICT specialists as respondents. Primary data was collected through questionnaires. Data was analyzed using descriptive, relational, and inferential analysis especially use of regression model. The study found out that service quality, ICT literacy, system security, information storage were significant and had positive effect on performance of commercial banks. The study concluded that management information system agility has influence on the performance of commercial banks. The study recommended that commercial banks should formulate strategies that will enhance performance of commercial banks based on service quality, ICT literacy, systems security and information storage in their organizations.

ABSTRACT
Depression is a major mental health disease and a leading cause of disability. It is estimated that almost 10% of the world’s population suffer from depression at some time during their life. Major depressive disorder is diagnosed in most patients suffering from depression. It is diagnosed by the presence of a cluster of five symptoms, present within a 2-week period4. These symptoms should occur independently of physical illness, normal bereavement, alcohol or drugs: abnormal depressed mood; abnormal loss of interest and pleasure; appetite or weight disturbance; sleep disturbance; disturbance in activity (agitation or slowing); abnormal fatigue or loss of energy; abnormal self-reproach or inappropriate guilt; poor concentration or indecisiveness; and morbid thoughts of death or suicide The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition requires that one of the symptoms should be either a depressed mood or anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure). Secondary symptoms may be appetite or weight changes, sleep difficulties (insomnia or hypersomnia), psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, diminished ability to think or concentrate, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, and thoughts or actions of suicide. The etiology of depression is multifactorial5. Besides the emotional suffering and the social repercussions, depression is often a comorbid condition with several major chronic ailments, like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. It deleteriously impacts these ailments and increases premature mortality. Several lifestyle behaviors have a mitigating effect on depression. These include non-smoking, abstinence or low to moderate alcohol intake, a normal body mass index, avoidance of sedentary behavior and regular exercise, and eating a healthy diet. These lifestyles also favorably impact other co-existing diseases.

ABSTRACT
Purpose: The use of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery is to prevent infection of the surgical wound. Although its principles follow specific guidelines, inappropriate practice is often observed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of prophylactic antibiotics in the operating room of the RH of Maradi (Niger). Methodology: This was a prospective and descriptive study done over a period of 12 months; from the 1st of January to December 31, 2020. We studied patients admitted to the operating rooms for Surgical Wound Classification (SWC) I and II scheduled surgeries. Results: We collected 286 patients of which 68.53% were male with a mean age of 27.1 years. Patients were SWC I and II. Abdominal,genito-urinary and ortho-trauma surgeries were the most performed. 96.15% of patients received antibiotic prophylaxis. Six patients were already on antibiotics and five patients received none. Ceftriaxone was the most widely used drug. The delay between administration and incision was 30 min or more in only 6.18% of patients. More than half of our patients had received the antibiotic less than 30 min before the incision (57.81%). Postoperative complications were infectious in 60% of cases, 80% of which were surgical site infections. Infectious complications occurred in patients who received their 1st round of antibiotics after incision and the rest within 15 min which preceded the incision. Conclusion: Strict and rigorous respect of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis protocols in the operating room is a daily challenge, while the fight against nosocomial infections and bacterial resistance remains a major concern.

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Background: Using brachial plexus blocks as regional anaesthetic is standard procedure for upper limb surgery. Although a retro-clavicular brachial plexus block has just been proposed, another technique has not been thoroughly evaluated. This single-blinded, randomized, controlled experiment looked at whether the retroclavicular technique had a higher success rate than the supraclavicular approach. Methods: This experimental study was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesia, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation (NITOR), Dhaka, Bangladesh From June 2019 to June 2021. The physical state of one hundred and twenty ASA members there was randomization of 1-3 patients having distal surgery on their upper limbs to receive a 30 mL 1:1 mixture of mepivacaine and ropivacaine, which was administered as a single injection without repositioning the needle tip, using ultrasound guidance for the retroclavicular or supraclavicular brachial plexus block. In the 30 minutes following local anaesthetic injection, the primary outcome was block success rate defined as a composite score of 14 points, including sensory and motor components, inclusive. Additionally, secondary outcomes were the number of needles used, the time it took to obtain an opioid, the amount of oxycodone taken, and the patient's postoperative pain level (on a numeric rating range of 0-10). Results: Success rates were 98.3% [95% confidence interval (CI): 90.8%, 99.9%] and 98.3% [95% CI: 90.9%, 99.9%] in the supraclavicular and retroclavicular groups, respectively (P¼0.99). The mean needling time was reduced in the supra- clavicular group [supraclavicular: 5.0 (95% CI: 4.7, 5.4) min; retroclavicular: 6.0 (95% CI: 5.4, 6.6) min; P¼0.006]. The mean time to first opioid request was similar between groups [supraclavicular: 439 (95% CI: 399, 479) min; retroclavicular: 447 (95% CI: 397, 498) min; P¼0.19] as were oxycodone consumption [supraclavicular: 10.0 (95% CI: 6.5, 13.5 mg; ...............

ABSTRACT
Complete denture is a gold standard therapy used in most cases of edentulous patients. But when the alveolar ridge is highly resorbed, a regular prosthetic base induces automatically a lack of stability and retention of dentures. In such challenging situations, conventional therapeutic alternative is not effective and other therapeutic solutions such as piezography and implants are preferred. This article reports a full prosthetic management of a highly resorbed mandibular alveolar ridge with the presence of a voluminous tongue, in order to improve prosthetic integration.