ABSTRACT
Chemical screening and antimicrobial activities of stems and roots of Rwandan Urtica massaica Mildbr. (Urticaceae) were investigated. Chemical screening revealed that majority of bioactive secondary metabolites was present at higher concentration in stem than in root. Antimicrobial activities of both stem and root bark methanolic extracts, SBME and RBME, were followed by Agar Disc diffusion and Broth Macro-dilution methods; Inhibition zones, Minimum Inhibition Concentration, MIC and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration, MBC; against the tested microbial strains. Values of inhibition zone for SBME against E. coli were 21.667±1.529 to 28.000±2.851mm. RBME inhibited E. coli from 19.667±1.734 to 25.667±1.023mm. Salmonella sp were fully resistant to RBME. SBME inhibited Salmonella sp from 7.167±0.208 to 24.067±2.503mm but inhibited S. aureus from 17.333±1.335 to 21.667±0.334mm. RBME against S. aureus showed 15.000±0.578, 17.000±0.578 and 20.667±0.334mm inhibition zones respectively. MIC values of SBME were 6.250±1.562mg/mL (E. coli), 10.156±4.752mg/mL (Salmonella sp) and 6.250±1.563mg/mL (S. aureus). MIC of RBME were 7.813±1.563mg/mL (E. coli) and 7.813±1.563mg/mL (S. aureus) though it was found inactive against Salmonella sp. MBC values of SBME were 12.500±3.125mg/mL (E. coli), 19.531±10.156mg/mL (Salmonella sp) and 12.500±3.125mg/mL (S. aureus). MBC values of RBME were 15.625±3.125mg/mL (E. coli) and 15.625±3.125mg/mL (S. aureus). The results indicated greater antimicrobial activities of stem than root of U. massaica, thus corroborating with the fact that majority of bioactive phytochemicals were highly present in SBME than in RBME. U. massaica stem should be considered as natural antimicrobial potential to treat infectious diseases.

ABSTRACT
Abstract : Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high blood glucose, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. Material and Methods: This is a Prospective, Comparative, Randomized and Parallel group study. Study was conducted in Type 2DM patients attending the outpatient department of Medicine in tertiary care center. Group I received Metformin 500 mg BD for 3 months, Group II received Sitagliptin 50 mg BD for 3 months and Group III Metformin 500 mg BD and Sitagliptin 50mg BD for 3 months. Result: The mean fasting blood glucose level in Group I at baseline was 143.14±5.38 mg/dl and after 3 months was 93.85 mg/dl, in Group II was 147.15 ±5.38 mg/dl and after 3 months 91.47±4.20 mg/dl and in Group III was 145.23±5.47 mg/dl and after 3 months 87.47±4.27 mg/dl. The mean of PPBG level in Group I was 194.23±14.58 mg/dl at baseline, followed by 152.68±9.24 mg/dl after 3rd month. In Group II the mean of PPBG level was 197.79±14.52 mg/dl at baseline followed by 131.47±8.63 mg/dl after 3rd month. In Group III the mean of PPBG level was 196.64±13.63 mg/dl at baseline followed by 127.74±9.37 mg/dl after 3rd month. Conclusion: Both sitagliptin or metformin monotherapy helped in improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Both the group of the drugs was well tolerated by the patients. The result of this study provides the data for the use of sitagliptin as initial monotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

ABSTRACT
Abstract : Background: Hypertension is a global public health issue. It is a significant contributor to rising morbidity and mortality because of its associations with cardiovascular, renal and cerebrovascular complications. A drug utilization review on antihypertensive drugs should be done to determine different classes of antihypertensive medications with respect to diagnosis. Aim was to study drug utilization pattern of antihypertensive medication in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: This is a prospective, observational and descriptive study conducted between September 2020 to February 2021 at outpatient Department of General Medicine, Dr. VRK Women's Medical College Teaching Hospital & Research Center. Prescriptions of 130 patients of either sex and age >18 years who have been diagnosed with hypertension as per JNC-8 guidelines and patients receiving or prescribed with antihypertensive medications were included. Results: The highest age group patients were between 51-60 years accountable 27.4 % and least age group patients were between 18-30 years 8.1 %. The gender ratio of the patients’ male: female was found to be 1.2:1. Out of the 135 patients, 64.4 % (83) of patients were male and 38.5 % (52) of patients were .....................

ABSTRACT
Abstract: Impatiens balsamina roots were collected, dried and grinded to a corase powder. The hydroethanolic extract was prepared by hot percolation technique using Soxhlet Apparatus. The prepared extract was then evaluated for its preliminary and phytochemical screening. The phytochemical screening reveals the presence of several secondary metabolites like flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, glycosides, terpenoids. The extract was evaluated for in-vitro antidiabetic activity using alpha-amylase inhibition method using Acarbose as a standard. The extract has shown its IC₅₀ value at 0.316±0.002 mg/ml, while Acarbose having IC50 value at 0.206±0.001 mg/ml. The extract was further tested for anthelmintic activity by adulticidal activity using Albendazole as a standard. The extract exhibited significant anthelmintic activity and was dose dependent.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: The simultaneous equation approach is based on drug absorption (X, Y and Z) at the maximum wavelength of the other drug. The three wavelengths chosen for the method are Efavirenz (EFV), Emtricitabine (EMT) and Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) λmax, respectively, 240nm, 256nm and 316nm. Then, by using different parameters, the established method was validated. For the simultaneous estimation of the ternary mixture of Efavirenz (EFV), Emtricitabine (EMT) and Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in combined synthetic mixture by Vierordt method or simultaneous equation method, a simple, precise, reliable, reproducible and efficient UV spectrophotometric method has been developed and validated. In 0.1 N NaOH, the standard and sample solutions were prepared. In the concentration ranges of 10-50μg/ml for EFV, 5-25μg/ml for EMT, and 5-25μg/ml for TDF, the calibration curves are linear. Recovery studies have tested the validity and reliability of proposed approaches. At three replication and three concentration stages, the recovery of added standards (80 percent, 100 percent and 120 percent) was found. The percent value means only near 100, SD and less than 2 percent RSD imply the method's accuracy. The accuracy was calculated by repeatability and intermediate precision. The effect of repeatability implies consistency over a short interval of time under the same operating environment. In laboratory variation on different days and analyst to analyst variation by distinct analysts, the intermediate precision analysis is expressed. The value of SD and the percentage of RSD less than 2 show the method's accuracy.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: Indonesia is known as one of the countries that has a wealth of natural resources that can be used as herbal medicines. One of them is (Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb). Gambir has been known to have many properties for various disease treatments. This article explores the traditional uses of gambir and seeks information about the phytochemical content of its pharmacological effects. In compiling this review article, tracing has been carried out in the form of national and international journals in the last 20 years (2000 - 2020). The main references used in this review article were searched through trusted websites such as ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and other published and trusted journals. Phytochemically, this plant contains catechin compounds, catechic acid, pyrocatechol, quercetin, tannins, flavonoids, gambirin alkaloid compounds, fluorescence gambir, tannin gambir, wax, rinkophylline, isorinkophylline, gambirdin, isogambirdine and auroparin. Pharmacologically, this plant has been reported to have antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects. Traditionally, gambir is used as a mixture of medicines, namely for burns, headaches, diarrhoea, dysentery, canker sores and skin pain medication.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: Euphorbia hirta is commonly known as Dudhi and is found in tropical countries, belongs to euphorbiaceae family. Traditionally the whole herb is used for the treatment of diarrhoea, peptic ulcers, vomiting, dysentery, cold and cough, menstrual problems etc. the various secondary metabolites, such as tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids and saponins have been previously isolated. In the present study an attempt has been made to assess the preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of E. hirta and further isolation of lupeol was carried out by using chromatographic method. The isolated compound was characterized by modern analytical technique.