ABSTRACT
Abstract: The simultaneous equation approach is based on drug absorption (X, Y and Z) at the maximum wavelength of the other drug. The three wavelengths chosen for the method are Efavirenz (EFV), Emtricitabine (EMT) and Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) λmax, respectively, 240nm, 256nm and 316nm. Then, by using different parameters, the established method was validated. For the simultaneous estimation of the ternary mixture of Efavirenz (EFV), Emtricitabine (EMT) and Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in combined synthetic mixture by Vierordt method or simultaneous equation method, a simple, precise, reliable, reproducible and efficient UV spectrophotometric method has been developed and validated. In 0.1 N NaOH, the standard and sample solutions were prepared. In the concentration ranges of 10-50μg/ml for EFV, 5-25μg/ml for EMT, and 5-25μg/ml for TDF, the calibration curves are linear. Recovery studies have tested the validity and reliability of proposed approaches. At three replication and three concentration stages, the recovery of added standards (80 percent, 100 percent and 120 percent) was found. The percent value means only near 100, SD and less than 2 percent RSD imply the method's accuracy. The accuracy was calculated by repeatability and intermediate precision. The effect of repeatability implies consistency over a short interval of time under the same operating environment. In laboratory variation on different days and analyst to analyst variation by distinct analysts, the intermediate precision analysis is expressed. The value of SD and the percentage of RSD less than 2 show the method's accuracy.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: Euphorbia hirta is commonly known as Dudhi and is found in tropical countries, belongs to euphorbiaceae family. Traditionally the whole herb is used for the treatment of diarrhoea, peptic ulcers, vomiting, dysentery, cold and cough, menstrual problems etc. the various secondary metabolites, such as tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids and saponins have been previously isolated. In the present study an attempt has been made to assess the preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of E. hirta and further isolation of lupeol was carried out by using chromatographic method. The isolated compound was characterized by modern analytical technique.

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Abstract: Indonesia is known as one of the countries that has a wealth of natural resources that can be used as herbal medicines. One of them is (Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb). Gambir has been known to have many properties for various disease treatments. This article explores the traditional uses of gambir and seeks information about the phytochemical content of its pharmacological effects. In compiling this review article, tracing has been carried out in the form of national and international journals in the last 20 years (2000 - 2020). The main references used in this review article were searched through trusted websites such as ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and other published and trusted journals. Phytochemically, this plant contains catechin compounds, catechic acid, pyrocatechol, quercetin, tannins, flavonoids, gambirin alkaloid compounds, fluorescence gambir, tannin gambir, wax, rinkophylline, isorinkophylline, gambirdin, isogambirdine and auroparin. Pharmacologically, this plant has been reported to have antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects. Traditionally, gambir is used as a mixture of medicines, namely for burns, headaches, diarrhoea, dysentery, canker sores and skin pain medication.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: The purpose of this review is to provide knowledge about Mangrove Fern (Acrostichum aureum L.). This plant contains various chemical constituents such as phenolics, antioxidants, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, steroids, and active compounds of flavonoids in the form of kaemferol, quercetin. Phthalic acid ester compounds such as (2-methoxycarbonyl- 5-methylpentyl- 2 methylhexyl phthalates). Sterols in the form of phytosterols, such as stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, campesterol, cycloartenol, and 24-methylene cycloartenol. Terpenoids such as sesquiterpenes (2R, 3S) -sulfate petrosine C and (2R, 3S) -sulfated petrosine C. Pharmacologically these plants have been reported as cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, analgesic, antiviral, antibacterial, and antiparasitic. In this review, mangrove fern has active compounds and pharmacology have been reported disease. However, it is necessary to do further research on sea ferns to determine the active compounds and another bioactivity.

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Abstract: Background / Objective: ∆(9) - Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is identified as the major active component of marijuana, it can interact with several pharmacological targets by involving cannabinoid receptors. Up to this point, many studies have proven that THC has many benefits with different mechanisms of action. This review aims to examine pharmacological effects contained in the ∆(9) - Tetrahydrocannabinol compound that can be used by medical field for treatment. Methods: We summarized the studies on the pharmacological properties of THC compound published from 2010 to 2020 from database such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The search terms that were used are as follows: "∆(9) -Tetrahydrocannabinol OR Tetrahydrocannabinol" AND "Potential OR Properties OR Pharmacological OR Effects". Results: The results of 15 studies were included in this review based on our eligibility criteria with 6 animal studies, 4 human studies, and 5 in vitro studies that showed THC compound has many pharmacological effects, where the benefits of those effects are useful in the treatment. Conclusions: THC has potential in its use as analgesics, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-nausea and vomiting, anti-tumor, hepatoprotective, and an indication of immunosuppression. More research is needed to evaluate the pharmaceutical potential of THC and the better comprehension of its pharmacological mechanisms.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: Background: Bronchial asthma is known to be one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in India. There is paucity of Indian data which evaluate the pattern of drug utilization in bronchial asthma over its entire spectrum and varying severity. Material and Methods: This is a Prospective, observational, non-interventional study of children who presented between February 2020 and November 2020. Study conducted at Department of Paediatric and Pharmacology. With a sample size of 90 patients who confirmed to the following predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: The overall utilization of Anti-asthmatic drugs among paediatric asthma patients were found to be –short acting β2 Agonists (41.1%) long acting β2agonist (LABA) (10.0%), steroids (13.3%) and leukotriene modifiers (1.11%). Pattern of drug prescription in asthmatics showed the highest prevalence of β2 Agonists followed by corticosteroids and finally, the leukotriene modifiers. One additional antiasthmatic drug: anticholinergics were also used among patients. Conclusion: To conclude, this study provides few insights into the drug use patterns in a pediatric outpatient department of a tertiary care teaching hospital. The prescribing from NLEM was fair, the use of injections was low and there is a scope for improvement in case of medicines prescribed by generic name.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a contentious diagnostic issue, which has been increasing in prevalence in recent years, and is often comorbid with major depressive disorder (MDD). The common features of ADHD and MDD are altered activation of brain regions involved in rewarding processing and monoamine signalling. ADHD responds well to a multimodal treatment that consists of pharmacological and psychosocial interventions. Its treatment responsiveness improves mood and well-being. There is persistent debate around the use of catecholaminergic agents such as psychostimulants both in ADHD and in the treatment of depression. This review will focus on the neurobiology of both psychopathologies and how they intertwine, and consider the potential benefits and adverse effects of catecholaminergic agents in the treatment of ADHD and co-occurring MDD.