ABSTRACT
Plants are not only indispensable in health care but form the best hope of source for safe future medicines. In spite of the fact that now we have at our disposal a number of modern drugs, it is still genuinely urgent to discover and develop new therapeutic agents. The objective of the study is to determine the secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Heteropogon contortus. The phytochemical analysis of the crude plant extract of Heteropogon contortus was performed using standard analytical method while the antioxidant activity of the extract was done using DPPH method of analysis. The study recorded yield of 9.22% for the methanol extract. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of seven secondary metabolites out of the nine metabolites screened for. The result of antioxidant activity of the crude extract showed good activity with an increase in the percentage inhibition on increase in concentration with the highest percentage inhibition of 57.16±53% at 500 mg/ml this was quite comparable to that of the standard (ascorbic acid) which had percentage inhibition at 500 mg/ml to be 67±32%. In conclusion the findings of the study showed that the methanol extract of H. contortus has an appreciable antioxidant activity which could be attributed to the secondary metabolites which it contains.

ABSTRACT
Liver disease is one of the most common public health problems in the word. In this study, we investigate the possible hepatoprotective effect of the aqueous extract of Passiflora foetida (AEPF) using paracetamol-induced liver damage albino rats as animal model. The rats were divided in groups consisting of six animals each and treated for seven consecutive days as following: group I was the normal control and received distilled water, group II was the negative control treated with distilled water; group III served as the positive control and pretreated with 100 mg/kg of silymarin; groups IV, V and VI were pretreated with the AEPF doses of 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg respectively. At the seventh day, the rats from group II to VI were given a dose of 2 g/kg of paracetamol (PCM) and 24 hours after this treatment, blood samples and pieces of liver were collected for biochemical and histopathological analysis. Results showed that in group II, PCM increased significantly the activity of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and PAL), the serum level of total and direct bilirubin and decreased significantly the serum level of total cholesterol, triglyceride and total protein in rats. Also, the liver tissue of the PCM-treated group exhibited severe acute centrilobular associated to periportal necrosis and haemorrhagic lesions in comparison to normal control rats. However, the biochemical and histopathological adverse effects of PCM were suppressed or reduced significantly by the pretreatment of rats with silymarin and AEPF dose dependently. These data indicated that Passiflora foetida possessed hepatoprotective effects similar to those of silymarin probably due to its saponins, phenols and flavonoids contents.

ABSTRACT
Aerobic vaginitis (AV) is an infection in the vagina with a high inflammatory response, decreased Lactobacillus sp., increased pathogenic bacteria, increased parabasal cells, and increased acidity levels (pH). Increased pH levels in AV conditions are associated with reduced Lactobacillus in the vagina due to the dominance of aerobic or anaerobic bacteria that cause AV, including Streptococcus agalactiae, which can cause an increased risk of infection. Antibiotics are the mainstay of AV treatment but are resistant to several antibiotics, causing the need for other alternatives, one of which is the use of medicinal plants. The medicinal plant in this study is Centella asiatica plant which has been proven to have an anti-bacterial property. This study aims to compare pH levels before and after administration of ethanol extract of Centella asiatica on the acidity (pH) levels of Rats in AV model. This research is an experimental study use post-test control group only, consists of six groups Rattus norvegicus female. The first group was the negative control group (K-) rats. The second group was positive control rats (K+). The next are four groups of rats of AV models given various doses of ethanol extract of Centella asiatica, and each group consists of four rats, namely P1 (100 mg/kg). P2 group (200 mg/kg), P3 (400 mg/kg), and P4 (800 mg/kg). Paired T-Test showed results P-value is 0.000 (<0.005), stating that there was a significant difference between pH levels both before and after administration of ethanol extracts of Centella asiatica plant in rats model AV.

ABSTRACT
Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor prodrug used in the treatment of gastric, duodenal ulcers and gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD), Zollinger- Ellison syndrome. This is the most popular drug used in cure and maintenance therapy of peptic ulcer along with antibiotics. It suppresses the acid production by inhibiting the H+ K+ ATPase. Pantoprazole must be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and because it is unstable under acidic conditions, enteric delivery systems are required. The purpose of this study was to prepare matrix tablet using eudragit Rs 100, eudragit S100, and HPMC. On the basis of above result the formulation showed satisfactory result as it has the maximum release i.e. F5 66.50%in 10 hrs. Result of our study suggest that the matrix tablet containing pantoprazole may be suitable for the anti ulcer drug.

ABSTRACT
Alzheimer's disease presents a serious challenge to the international scientific community. There are millions of infected people around the world and the numbers are increasing dramatically because this disease has no cure and develops rapidly over time. It becomes important to detect the disease and recognize symptoms early. Prevention is more effective than treating a disease that comes through several common factors. This helps people because they are still able to make important decisions about taking care of and spending money on their health. Thus, identifying symptoms or detecting them very early, lifestyle and commonalities of patients helps prevent such a disease. Henceforward, risk factors play a major role in the development of the disease, such as genetic and vascular factors or disorders. Also psychosocial factors which may positively influence the pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of the disease. From this, we conclude that constantly activating the brain is very important, as education, learning, sports and recreation are among the busyness of life’s preoccupations.

ABSTRACT
Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) is one of the herbal plants that have been widely known by Indonesian for generations. This plant is easy to obtain and has various health benefits. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain information about the phytochemicals and their traditional uses. The search for information was carried out by studying literature from various sources such as official books, Google Scholar and Garba Digital References (GARUDA) in the 2011-2021 range. The results showed that red ginger plants contain chemical compounds in the form of gingerols, shogaols, homovanilyl alcohol, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenolics, steroids, triterpenoids, and essential oils. Red ginger is commonly used by the community as a cold medicine, as well as for indigestion, urine laxative, natural antioxidant, as an analgesic, and others. With the content of these compounds, red ginger is also reported to have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antiemetic activity.

ABSTRACT
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by raised levels of blood glucose, which over time leads to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. α-amylase Plays a major role in the digestion of starch and glycogen. Thus, inhibitors of this enzyme delay the breakdown of carbohydrates in the small intestine, thereby diminishing postprandial blood glucose in the diabetic patient. In this study, a DPPH radical scavenging activity and computational approaches were employed to uncover the potential of Aframomum Melegueta phytochemicals against type two diabetes mellitus mainly by molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation, MMPBSA and ADMET analysis. The results show that it has high antioxidant properties. Molecular docking indicates that laurifolin, genkwanin and gulunalactone have good binding scores of -9.9 kcal/mol, -8.9 kcal/mol and -8.2 kcal/mol, respectively. And have interacted with at least two of the catalytic triads of α-amylase; Asp 300, Glu 233 and Asp 197. Molecular dynamic simulation results show that all the compounds are stable at the active site of the enzyme. Furthermore, MMPBSA analysis revealed they bind strongly with the binding energy of -21.77± 1.03 Kcal/mol, -17.82 ± 0.84 Kcal/mol and 15.07± 0.26 Kcal/mol for laurifolin, genkwanin and galanolactone. ADMET analysis indicated that all the ligands are water-soluble, drug-like and safe. This study shows that A. Melegueta extract has antioxidant properties and possess phytochemicals that can be exploited for further anti-diabetic drug development.