ABSTRACT
The preformulation investigation commences upon the introduction of a new molecule. It encompasses the examination of physical, chemical, analytical, and medicinal aspects associated with molecules and offers insights into appropriate modifications to enhance molecular performance. The study of preformulation parameters is associated with the development of effective, safe, stable, and dependable pharmaceutical formulations. Famciclovir is a diacetyl-6-deoxy derivative of penciclovir. All of this is absorbed upon oral administration and is rapidly converted to penciclovir through deacetylation in the digestive tract, blood, and liver; subsequently, it is oxidized by the liver at position 6 of the purine cycle. The half-life of the dynamic intracellular medication, penciclovir triphosphate, is significantly prolonged, allowing for a once-daily dosage. Famciclovir is effective against genital herpes and the varicella-zoster virus. The primary aim of the preformulation studies of Famciclovir is to produce knowledge that aids in the development of stable and bioavailable dosage forms.

ABSTRACT
The significant phytochemical, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, antacid, anti-proliferative, therapeutic applications, antibacterial, and analgesic properties of Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC., family Fabaceae, were reviewed. The review describes the pharmacological and biological properties of Desmodium triflorum extracts in addition to their traditional usage. The strong antioxidant activity and the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase may be linked to various associated activities. Ursolic acid, Vitexin, Genistin, Fucosterol, and 2-Glucosylvitexin, are among the chemical elements of Desmodium triflorum that may contribute to the effects that have been documented. There is a need for more well planned, controlled clinical trials using formulations with phytochemical characterization. Additionally, the interest in different pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals sectors may be characterised by the unique bioactive substance's multiple biological potencies.

ABSTRACT
The use of plant-based natural products as medicine is a common practice in low income countries. In cultures Justicia carnea (JC) is mainly cultivated because of its perceived hematinic effect. The study involved a total of twenty-five wistar rats separated into five groups of five rats each. Group 1 served as control and received distilled water. Groups 2 to 5 received respectively a single oral dose of 30mg/kg indomethacin (Sabiu et al., 2015). While group 2 remained untreated (Indomethacin-only group), groups 3, 4 and 5 respectively received in addition 200mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg of JC leaf extract for 14 days. The results showed that at lower concentrations (200mg/kg and 500mg/kg) there were no significant changes in the measured hematological parameters. The 1000mg/kg JC caused significant rise in red blood cell count, packed cell volume and lymphocytes but depressed neutrophils without any significant effects on the platelet count. Conclusively, consumption of high concentrations of Justicia carnea leaves improves red blood cell count and thus possibly ameliorates indomethacin induced anemia in wistar rats. Although, JC leaves did not cause any significant changes in the platelet count, it significantly reduced neutrophils and elevated lymphocytes.

ABSTRACT
Background: An inflammatory, prevalent, and chronic skin disease is psoriasis. The term "classic skin lesions" refers to the erythematous, scaly, and well-defined plaques that are frequently located on the extensor surfaces. There have also been several psoriasis variations reported, such as the guttate, erythrodermic, pustular, and palmoplantar types. Psoriasis is typically diagnosed clinically, although distinctive histologic findings include a lymphocytic infiltration, dilated blood vessels, and hyper- and parakeratosis of the epidermis. Although the exact cause of psoriasis is unknown, genetic and environmental factors have been linked to the immune-mediated disease. Many health advantages are associated with flavonoids, such as their antiviral, anticancer, and antioxidant qualities. They also have cardio- and neuroprotective properties. The kind of flavonoid, its (potential) method of action, and its bioavailability all affect these biological functions. These reasonably priced pharmaceutical ingredients contain substantial biological activities and have been shown to be beneficial for a range of illnesses. Purpose: The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of new flavonoid derivatives for their anti-psoriatic potential. Methodology: The scientific validation of the present work was conducted using a computational molecular docking analysis of the lead compounds luteolin, baicalein, and myricetin against the PDE4 enzyme. Result: The results of the current analysis indicate that the selected lead compounds are efficient anti-psoriatic agents, demonstrating binding affinities to the target protein PDE4 with binding energies of -7.269, -7.16, and -6.64 kcal/mol for baicalein, luteolin, and myricetin, respectively. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that each chosen lead compound for further study exhibited substantial inhibitory efficacy against PDE4, hence indicating its potential as an anti-psoriatic drug.

ABSTRACT
Background and objective: Free radical chain reaction is a condition where there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. This imbalance can lead to cellular and tissue damage, which is of particular concern in the context of cognitive decline associated with diabetes. The aim of this study was to identify molecular and cellular markers of oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Material and methods: The study involved 24 Wistar rats, classified into 3 groups, normal (GT), untreated diabetic (DTN) and treated with D-erythrodihydrosphingosine (inhibitor of Sphingosine kinases 1 and 2) (DTT), fed glucose and food to prevent hypoglycaemia, and subjected to the behavioural test including the 8-arm radial maze. RT-PCR was then used to assess the expression of pro-oxidant (8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine: 8-OHGD) and anti-oxidant (glutathione: GSH and superoxide dismutases: SOD) markers of oxidative stress. Results: The study compared GT with DTN and DTT in a maze task and showed that diabetes affects working memory in diabetic rats. GSH and SOD levels varied according to health status and treatments administered. High levels of GSH and SOD in DTT and DTN suggest high oxidative stress. Low levels in GTs indicate a normal state without significant oxidative stress. The study also found a significant difference between rat groups in the expression of 8-OHGD in the prefrontal cortex. Untreated diabetic rats had higher levels of 8-OHGD, indicating increased oxidative DNA damage due to the oxidative stress associated with diabetes. This shows that diabetes causes increased production of free radicals, leading to cell damage. Conclusion: This work shows that diabetes induces cognitive decline via oxidative stress.

ABSTRACT
Background: Metabolic acidosis is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) that accelerates disease progression and worsens overall health outcomes. Objective: This study compares the safety and effectiveness of sodium citrate and sodium bicarbonate in treating metabolic acidosis in CKD patients to determine the optimal therapeutic approach. Method: A prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted at the Department of Anesthesiology and ICU, Shaheed Monsur Ali Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from October 2023 to September 2024. A total of 132 CKD patients with metabolic acidosis were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (66 patients) received sodium citrate, and Group B (66 patients) received sodium bicarbonate. Safety, efficacy, and acid-base balance were monitored over 12 months. Results: Both sodium citrate and sodium bicarbonate significantly improved serum bicarbonate levels and reduced blood acidity. In Group A, 85% of patients showed a 50% reduction in acidemia, compared to 78% in Group B. However, Group A demonstrated superior gastrointestinal tolerance (10% side effects) compared to Group B (25% side effects). Sodium citrate also improved bone health markers, with a 15% improvement in calcium levels, while sodium bicarbonate patients had a 10% increase. However, sodium bicarbonate was more cost-effective. Conclusions: Sodium citrate appears to be more effective and better tolerated than sodium bicarbonate in treating metabolic acidosis in CKD patients, though cost considerations may influence therapeutic choices.

ABSTRACT
Chemical poisoning is a threat to the health of both children and adults in the Niger Delta region. Nevertheless, the study of the prevalence of poisoning has been undermined in Bayelsa state. Chemical poisoning remains an important health concern in Nigeria, especially in the south-south Niger Delta states which are rich in natural fuel. Information on the prevalence in the Niger Delta region is quite scarce, especially in Bayelsa state. The study investigated the risk factors, awareness, and perception of chemical poisoning, and the prevalence among residents of Amassoma and Yenagoa. A descriptive research employed systematic random sampling of 400 residents from Amassoma and Yenagoa from ages 15 years and above, by administering questionnaires and, collecting data. Data were analyzed using SPSS software utilizing ANOVA. The percentage of awareness of chemical poisoning is 28.4% and the majority of the respondents are educated at the tertiary level with a percentage of 51.5%. The female gender was more with a percentage of 51.0%. Among the signs and symptoms of chemical poisoning, nausea or stomach upset has a percentage of 74.6% being the highest percentage, and stomach cramps have a percentage of 72.9% while having a percentage of 56.7%. About 95.5% of respondents concurred to contacting qualified healthcare providers when poisoning is suspected and 93.8% agreed to keep all chemicals out of reach of children as a preventive measure. It can be concluded that the overall prevalence of chemical poisoning is quite low though used intentionally in young adults for suicide. It can also be said that there is proper awareness of the preventive measures for unintentional poisoning.