ABSTRACT
Reduplication is a grammatical aspect found in a wide range of African languages and it is sometimes interchangeably used with repetition. Reduplication is both a morphological and a phonological process of forming a compound word by repeating all or part of the word. Morphological reduplication involves semantic change through another word formation process while phonological reduplication is where the copying pics the closest phonological input restricted to cases of phonological necessity. Lukisa, a Luhya dialect is expected to exhibit a range of patterns in reduplication which varies from a single segment being copied to an entire phrase. Although linguistic forms of reduplication have been explored at lexical and functional levels, there is need to validate morphological doubling involving the creation of new stem type reduplication as a limitless linguistic resource, a central meaning making strategy and a naturally integrated facility in language. Therefore, the objective of this study is to establish how pseudo reduplication manifests in Lukisa reduplication. Inkelas and Zoll (2005) Morphological Doubling Theory was adopted for this study where morphology calls twice for a constituent of a given semantic description with possible phonological modification of either or both constituents. MDT is a native identity theory in the sense that the surface phonological identity between the two copies occurs as a side effect of semantic identity.

ABSTRACT
The objective of this article is to study the impact of new technologies on the quality of public services within the Cameroon Public Administration, a system put in place through the project of devolution of the management of State personnel and payroll, of which SIGIPES constitutes its IT base. To carry out this study, we used the qualitative method of analysis of the sociology of organisations and in particular the strategic analysis of Crozier (1979) through the theory of the strategic actor. An interview guide was administered to the various stakeholders, i.e. staff and users. The results of this work show that, although the speed of files processing has increased substantially, the technology has not fundamentally improved the quality of public services within the Cameroon Public Administration. It is no less cumbersome, burdensome, inefficient and corrupt. It continues to be plagued by ills that undermine it and prevent it from increasing its performance and providing quality services. It is a reflection of its public officials who develop behaviours resistant to change and strategies aimed at preserving their particular interests at the expense of the general interest.

ABSTRACT
Our study aimed to analyze the perceptions of riparian households related to the causes and consequences of the pollution of the Koumassi Ebrié lagoon. It is based on the mixed approach combining quantitative and qualitative method, using documentary research, direct field observations, the survey by questionnaire, semi-directive individual interviews and Focus Group. The results obtained first show the socio-demographic profile of households. For this purpose, the average household size is 6 people. In addition, households operate such as fishing, lagoon transport, selling fish products, fish smoking. In addition, the average income of households is between 10,000 and 50,000 FCFA. The causes mentioned by households, at the origin of the pollution of the Ebrié Lagoon of Koumassi are: (1) household waste spills and domestic wastewater from activities, at the same time, riparian and abidjanese populations, directly In the lagoon, (2) wastewater spills from the activities of the industries installed near the lagoon and (3) the use of toxic products (pesticides) by certain fishermen for their activity (fishing). Finally, the results of the study show that the pollution of the Koumassi Ebrié lagoon impact the fishery resources, the environment and habitats of respondents. Also the study reveals the impact of pollution on health, food, rituals and household leisure.

ABSTRACT
This paper discussed the history of Iringa Dipping Scheme in Mufindi during the British colonial administration in the post Second World War period. Different schemes were introduced in Tanganyika. Among them were Sukumaland Development Scheme 1947, Uluguru Land Usage Scheme 1949, the Mbulu Development Scheme 1949 and Iringa Dipping Scheme 1951 to mention just a few. Most of these schemes were established with the main concern of land improvement and soil conservation which apparently was the result of colonial policies of overexploitation of resources. The colonial government claimed that Iringa dipping scheme was introduced to prevent cattle against tick borne diseases but the implementation was associated with compulsory state repression. Forceful implementation of the dipping scheme in Mufindi prompted peasant resentment to the scheme. However, the findings of this paper revealed that the establishment and development of Iringa Dipping Scheme was a response towards the economic crisis which was manifesting in the growing demands of beef and other raw materials in Britain and Tanganyika in the meat and related industries. The intensification of peasant resentment to the exploitative scheme through fees which they were forced to pay and the bother entailed in bringing their cattle to the dips. Peasant’s resistance and resentment culminated into the collapse of the dipping scheme of Mufindi in 1958. Should be grasped within the context of peasant struggle against exploitative system which was developed in post-war period. This paper employed historical research design utilizing qualitative approach. Primary and secondary sources were integrated together. Archival data were generated from Tanzania National Archives, University of Dar es Salaam, Sokoine University of Agriculture and Mufindi District. Oral histories were generated from the indigenous people to corroborate the archival data. Political economy theory was used to inform the study.

ABSTRACT
This paper investigated the methods used by Roman Catholic Missionaries in christianisation of the Makua of Masasi Tanzania from 1890s to1970s. This study was prompted by the understanding that the Makua were deeply engaged in their traditional religion as demonstrated by their cultural practices. In spreading Christianity to Makua people, the Benedictine missionaries had to deploy variety of strategies and techniques to win the Makua people. The main objective of this paper was to examine the methods missionaries used to manipulate the Makua into Christianity and to demonstrate how the Makua people responded to the Benedictine missionary pressure. Finally, to examine the way Christianity contributed to the transformation of Makua society and the endurance of Makua traditional religion. This study employed historical materialism theory developed by Karl Marx in 1818-1883 in order to inform the dynamics of the Makua society. The theory was deemed convenient because it captures society as a social formation in which all human activities are treated as an interconnected single whole. Religion is treated as an ideological product of human struggle to transform their lives. Historical research methodology was employed in order to generate evidence on the past through review of documents, interviews with people contemporary to the events and some oral histories. These data collection methods deployed different instruments to capture data from different historical sources both primary and secondary sources. Qualitative research approach was applied in data collection and analysis leading to the production of this historical narrative. The findings revealed that, the Catholic evangelization approach among the Makua was that of a carrot and stick system. There were positive incentives such as provision of education and health services which were employed to facilitate the spread of Christianity to the Makua. The paper concludes that, despite Makua cherishing their ..........

ABSTRACT
The overall research review on English-Chinese contrastive studies suggests there has been an extensive description of the distinction between Chinese and Western thinking patterns in the absence of extra demonstrations. Therefore, it is found necessary to carry out a delicate study on reflections of Chinese and Western thought pattern differences in light of the E-C idioms. In this study, two kinds of thinking patterns are contrasted from the following three aspects: concrete and abstract thoughts, subjective and objective thoughts, as well as synthetic and analytical thoughts, via the explanation and analysis of idioms collected in the A Concise Dictionary of English Proverbs and Idioms. The paper thus not only provides evidence for the different thinking patterns between China and West, but also helps language learners to gain a deeper comprehension and mastery of features of both languages.

ABSTRACT
Rehabilitation is necessary for patients suffering from mental challenges for their benefit and society. Tis aim of rehabilitation is to enable patients with mental challenges be in conducive environment compared with how some of them constitute nuisance to the society and lived in slums. With rehabilitation, they are expected to enjoy toiletry; drinkable water, neat environment, better food intake, taking of prescribed drug regularly, and exposing them to different skills that will make them fit into the society after their recovery. The study investigated the welfare of people with mental challenges in non-governmental rehabilitation centres, and the efforts of the centres at making clients fit into the society in later life both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed for the study. The study population consist of five respondents who were owners and social workers at four rehabilitation centres randomly selected from Ondo and Osun States. Focus group discussion was also used. Data obtained was analysed using frequency count and percentages. Findings revealed that social welfare services provided for the patients were good, but efforts were not made by the centres at providing vocational training for these patients. The paper helps to contribute to the knowledge of the society and concluded that people with mental challenges need to be rehabilitated with good welfare services, and vocational training.