ABSTRACT
The issue of risk and the maintenance of people in risk areas is a major concern in the occupation of urban spaces. From the institutional approach to the scientific approach, the definition of risk remains marked by the nature of unpredictability and dangerousness. The current study constitutes an epistemological break in the sociological understanding of risk in the framework of hydrometeorological phenomena. Therefore, how do the changing properties of the status of the head of the family inspired by contact with floods restructure social relations within the social unit of consumption? Starting from an empirical study on floods in the commune 5 on the right bank of the Niger River in Niamey between 2012 and 2018, the status of the head of the family is at the heart of the reflection. Based on a qualitative methodological approach, centred on biographical interviews, this paper puts back at the heart of the scientific debate, the risk of downgrading and loss of preferential position in a given space or social institution.

ABSTRACT
Les évènements au cours des dernières années ont démontré qu’on n’est pas à l’abri de nouvelles pandémies. En effet depuis 2003, de nouveaux virus ont été à l’origine de maladies émergentes, qui ont entrainé la mort de millions de personnes ; notamment le Syndrome Respiratoire Aigu Sévère (SRAS), la Grippe humaine d’origine aviaire (Virus A/H5N1, A/H7N9), la grippe pandémique A(H1N1)2009 et le Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). La survenue de ce type d’épidémie en appelle à la communication suer les risques afin que l’information sanitaire soit diffusée et que les populations s’adaptent et changent de comportement. Le Cameroun n’est pas en reste, la survenue de la maladie à coronavirus (COVID-19) a conduit à la mise sur pied d’un plan de riposte qui inclut la communication sur les risques à travers la transmission ou la diffusion d’informations sur le territoire national. De ce fait, nous nous sommes penchés sur la thématique de la circulation de l’information sanitaire avec pour objectif d’identifier ledit circuit dans la lutte contre la COVID-19. Il en ressort que le circuit de l’information sanitaire respecte d’une part celui emprunté par toutes les autres données de santé (Niveau central, niveau intermédiaire et niveau périphérique) et d’autre part fait appel à l’utilisation des médias et nouvelles technologies.

ABSTRACT
Bridging classes are clearly today, one of the major educational offerings in Côte d'Ivoire. The bridge school provides a second chance for out-of-school children between the ages of 9 and 13 to enter or re-enter the formal school system. In this perspective, the initiatives taken by the NGO International Save the Children, have enabled many out-of-school children to have access to Education. This work aims to assess the impact of bridging classes on access to formal education for out-of-school children in cocoa-producing communities in Soubré. The methodology includes a questionnaire and a semi-structured interview guide for stakeholders in the Nawa region. The results indicate that the construction of bridging classes has enabled 453 children from the target communities who are out of school or out of school to have a chance of being educated or reintegrated into formal educational pathways. However, cultural and economic burdens pose major challenges in terms of their sustainability. It is therefore important to remove all these obstacles in order to facilitate the transition of beneficiary children to formal school.

ABSTRACT
Objective: This article aims to examine the impact of changes linked to the co- management of forest resources on the way of life of the Kounabembe in the East Region, Cameroon. Method: In addition to the literature review, standard development anthropology techniques were used to collect data in the field from co-management actors, community members, and co-management beneficiaries. Following this qualitative research, the data was transcribed, then processed and interpreted on the basis of content analysis. The dynamic theory of anthropology was used to interpret the data. Results: The co-management of forest resources has generated perceptible changes in the Kounabembe cultural universe. The way of life of the populations has improved relatively. However, due to the implementation of numerous micro-projects, it is also deplored that these changes are not in line with the cultural representations of the Kounabembe. Conclusion: The interest in co-management of forest resources to contribute effectively to local development among the Kounabembe is obvious. However, its contribution to development and poverty reduction in relation to the changes in this cultural universe remains insufficient because of its sometimes non-consensual nature and the search for personal profit by certain actors.

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the process of adaptation and farmer resilience to the effects of COVID-19. It illustrates the change in behaviour of farm managers faced with the structural crisis of value chains in the oil palm sector. The study in Tabou combined both quantitative and qualitative research. These two (2) approaches were implemented using techniques (documentary research, interview, observation) and data collection tools (interview guide, questionnaires, observation grid). The study shows that the health crisis linked to COVID-19 has led to disorganisation within the oil palm cooperative societies. These companies are losing members due to the slowdown in palm oil processing companies, the inability of the supervisory structures (PALMCI [1] and cooperatives) to absorb almost all village production, and the instability (downward) of the purchase price per kilogram of palm oil. Faced with the crisis, poor sales, rotting production and food insecurity, farmers created networks for the direct purchase of production and the artisanal processing of palm oil. Thus, in the face of the agrarian crisis, peasant societies are finding endogenous resources to meet their daily needs.

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the implementation of the route permit retribution policy as well as to describe and analyze the factors that support and hinder the performance of the public passenger transport route permit retribution policy in Pasuruan Regency. The research location is at the Pasuruan Regency Transportation Service. The data sources are primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, documentation and techniques Focus Group Discussion (FGD). And for the data analysis technique in this study uses an interactive analytical technique model with the stages of data collection, condensation, data presentation and conclusions. This study found several performances of the Pasuruan Regency Transportation Service that had not been effective and maximal in managing retribution activities for public passenger transport route permits. This can be seen from the indicators in policy implementation, which include: 1). Communication, namely the clarity of policy orders to policy implementers of a general (strategic) nature, but this clarity has not been realized in managerial and technical operational policies. The intensity of socialization has been carried out by the Pasuruan Regency Transportation Service precisely to the policy targets. Still, there is an element of non-compliance by the target group against policy rules is an obstacle to achieving the retribution target. 2). Resources, namely the limited number of human resources support in the Route In-Transport Section, result in an imbalance between the task load and the comprehensive coverage of the Regency area. The provision of physical facilities and infrastructure is sufficient, but application facilities for route permit services and online-based route permit extension fees are still unavailable.

ABSTRACT
The study aimed to determine the work environment, challenges, and teaching performance of the newly hired teachers in the new normal of Zone 2, Schools Division of Zambales. The study used a quantitative descriptive research design in its presentation. A survey-questionnaire was the main instrument of data gathering for the study. A total of one hundred (100) newly hired teachers served as the respondents of the study. Frequency, percentage, weighted mean, Analysis of Variance, and Pearson Product- Moment Correlation was employed in the data analysis and interpretation. The findings of the study revealed that teaching performance of the newly hired teachers is affected by the kind of work environment in terms of Facilities & Equipment, School Typology, Physical Environment, Alternative Work from Home and Administrative/ Supervisor’s Support. Furthermore, the newly hired teachers strongly agreed that addressing the challenges in the workplace as to fitting in, time management and productivity, culture in the workplace, communication and coordination and motivation will increase their teaching performance. It was noted that there was no significant relationship between the teaching performance based on the IPCRF and work environment and on addressing the challenges of the newly hired teachers.