ABSTRACT
The term "microbiota" refers to the complex, delicately balanced ecological community that makes up the human body and contains symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria. The gut-brain-immune axis, a bidirectional communication route, is a vital component of this system of living beings in integrating the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Despite the wealth of research in human medicine, the relationship between unusual behavioural phenotypes and changes in animals gut microbiota has received little attention in the literature in the past. The scientific word for conventional animal healthcare is ethno veterinary medicine, which offers affordable options to allopathic medications. In this research work we prepared a remedy (Digestovet bolus) effective for all gastrointestinal issues, including anorexia, indigestion, off-feed, a lack of ruminating, impaction, etc. Digestovet Bolus is traditionally given orally to working bullocks to treat anorexia and off-feed. It works well for digestive disorders, diarrhoea, and impaction, lack of rumination, repeated breeding/reproductive issues, and internal parasites. It is additionally utilized as an immunity booster to stave off illnesses including blue tongue, fever, mastitis, and hemorrhagic sepsis.

ABSTRACT
Prevalence and molecular characterization of trypanosome species in flies within Bayelsa oil palm, Bayelsa State, Nigeria was investigated through molecular characterization. Fifteen (15) biconical standard traps, baited with cow urine were deployed in the study area for tsetse and tabanid trapping. A total of two hundred and two (202) flies were caught and preserved in well labelled bottles containing 99% ethanol for morphological identification. Out of the 202 caught and identified, 199 (98.5%), 2(0.99%) and 1(0.5%) were tabanid, stomoxes and tse tse flies respectively. Out of the 199 tabanid flies identified, 4(2.0%) were infected while stomoxes and tse tse flies were not infected. Molecular analysis showed that the all the four tabanids were infected with Trypanosoma brucie brucei. The prevalence of trypanosome was recorded to be 4/202(2%). Tabanids was the most abundant vector in the study area and it is a potential vector of trypanosomiasis as it harboured Trypanosoma brucei brucei.

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to characterize cattle (Bos Taurus) breading system in savannah and forest areas in Côte d'Ivoire. To achieve this objective, a formal survey was carried out among 490 breeders. It was carried out by surveys and interviews to characterize the farms. The rearing system, the different breeds bred, the size of the herd, the mode of reproduction and the other associated animal species with cattle breading were observed. The observations were compared by department and agro-ecological zone. The results showed two farming systems. These are the transhumant system and sedentary system. The sedentary system is more used (P<0.05), i.e. 79% of breeders. However, the transhumant system is still common in savannah areas. The livestock was composed mainly of zebu 28%, mestizos 33% and mixed (Zebu, mestizos, Méré, N’dama and Baoulé breeds). The local breeds Méré, Ndama and Baoulé represented less than 2% of the livestock. The size of the herd was less than 100 head in majority (P<0.05). Cattle farming was often associated with traditional poultry farming. This activity is secondary for 70.6% of breeders. The reproductive system was carried out in an uncontrolled manner. The breeding males were in the herd all the time.

ABSTRACT
African Swine Faver (ASF) disease was reported in Indonesia in 2019. ASF outbreaks occurred in East Nusa Tenggara Province in 2020 and 2021, with hundreds of thousands of pig deaths. An effective vaccine to prevent the transmission of ASF is currently undiscovered. The diagnosis of ASF is based on the observation of clinical symptoms, observation of the epidemiology of the disease, and laboratory examinations of both serological, virological, and post- mortem tests. Rapid and accurate serology tests are indispensable to prevent the transmission of ASF infection. A risk- based approach to infectious sources needs to be taken to prevent the emergence of ASF outbreaks. This study aims to determine ASF seroprevalence and identify factors that play a role in the transmission of the ASF virus. The results of the study obtained a seroprevalence rate of 52.9%. Risk factors that act as a source of ASF transmission are the origin of pig livestock from the animal market (6.7%), feed from swill feeding (61.7%), non-routine health checks carried out (90%), pig carcasses thrown into landfills (20%), manure waste left alone (33.3%) and sick pigs immediately sold (60%).

ABSTRACT
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a viral disease caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of Capripoxvirus genus of Poxviridae family. It is a transboundary disease of the economic importance affecting cows, water buffaloes and deer. The disease is transmitted by arthropod vectors and causes high morbidity and low mortality. LSD was known to be once endemic in Saharan regions of Africa. However, over the past decade, it spread to the Middle East and Turkey. From 2015 onward, it has impacted the Balkan (southeast Europe) countries, Caucus (Eastern Europe) and Russia. LSD entered India, Bangladesh and China in July 2019. Since then, outbreaks of the disease have been reported from many Indian states and UTs namely Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Jammu & Kashmir. Characteristic lumps on skin and high fever are considered as major signs while reduced milk production, infertility, early embryonic death and anorexia are some of the salient clinical manifestations of the disease. Additionally, nodules on mucosa of oropharynx, udder, genitalia and rectum are usually observed on examination.

ABSTRACT
In the present work a total of 228 pooled nasal swabs, 228 pooled tracheal swabs samples from the ailing birds and 152 pooled tracheal tissues, 152 pooled lung tissues from the dead birds were collected from the 19 suspected poultry farms in A.P. and were labelled farm wise and specimen wise. The DNA was extracted from the samples by using Trizol method. The PCR and SYBR Green real time PCR tests was standardized by targeting 16 s rRNA gene. The study found that 12 farms were found to be positive for E.coli, with percent positivity of 63.15% by PCR and 71.2% by SYBR Green Real Time PCR. Among the 12 positive farms, 92(40.35% nasal swabs),106(51.75% tracheal swabs),64 (42.10% tracheal tissues) and 72 (47.36% lung tissues) were positive for E.coli by PCR and 118(49.56% nasal swabs),128(56.14% tracheal swabs),68(44.73% tracheal tissues) and 77(50.65% lung tissues) were positive for E.coli by SYBR Green Real Time PCR, nasal swabs and tracheal swabs were positive with positivity of 40.35 and 51.75% respectively by PCR , 106 and 128, nasal swabs and tracheal swabs were positive with positivity 46.49 and 56.14% by SYBR Green Real Time PCR. This study found that the confirmatory diagnosis of respiratory infections in poultry is accurate when histopathology, isolation and molecular detection methods like PCR and SYBR Green Real time PCR are used.

ABSTRACT
The study was designed to investigate prevalence and risk factors of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) in Sonali chicken in Joypurhat District of Bangladesh. Twenty-five sonali chicken farms with sum of 33,735 birds of various age groups from five different upazila were observed for Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD). The disease was diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical findings and postmortem lesions. The overall prevalence of IBD was 19.48% and mortality 5.85%. The highest prevalence 43.61% was significantly found (P<0.05) in Khetlal upazila and lowest 10.54% in kalai upazila. Chicken of 3 to 4 weeks age showed higher prevalence 21.68% than other age group. The prevalence was significantly higher in female 20.03% chicken than male 18.66%. Prevalence of IBD in sonali chicken was higher 46.15% in winter season and lowest 12.89% in rainy season. Vaccinated with AviPro® IB Ark (Elanco) significantly (P<0.05) reduces the prevalence and mortality rate of IBD. Prevalence was low in fumigated concrete farm. Treatment with a) Levofloxacine(10%) b) Vitamin-C (Ascorbic Acid-98%) c) Ph (Formic acid, Lactic acid, Propionic acid & HMTBa) d) Mollasses 5% e) Andopan significantly recovered the IBD infected chicken within 4±0.75 days. The necropsy findings of infected chicks revealed haemorrhages on thigh and breast muscles; enlarged, edematous, hyperemic and haemorrhagic Bursa of Fabricious followed by atrophy. In some cases, kidneys were found swollen. Therefore, it was concluded that susceptibility of chicks to IBD is influenced by its age, sex, season, vaccination and treatment with appropriate medicine have significant impact on Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD).