ABSTRACT
A coprological survey of strongylosis in donkeys was conducted in the five wards of Pali district of Alkaleri Local Government area of Bauchi State. The sampling period covers the months of July to October 2020. A total of 107 donkeys were sampled and fecal samples were collected and analysed using standard technique. The ages, sex and breeds of donkeys were determined using standard procedures. Out of the 107 donkeys sampled 96 (89.7%) tested positive for strongylosis. However, it appeared that age sex and breed of donkeys did not significantly influence the disposition of infection with the parasite (p>0.05). Majority of the donkeys examined (51.04%) were moderately infected with the Strongylus parasite. This study revealed a considerably higher infection rates with Strongylus spp and majority of the infected animals harbours the infection moderately. Therefore, strategic deworming and improve management practices is strongly advocated for better productivity and utilization of these animals. Further studies into the epidemiology of this nematode parasite should be undertaken in the study area in order to get better understanding of risk factors supporting its distribution.

ABSTRACT
Multifactorial respiratory problems are very common in poultry due to intensive rearing methods and caused by coinfection with bacteria (MG, MS, E. coli and Avibacterium spp.) and viruses, such as IBV and ILTV. The conventional procedures are tedious and time taking, to overcome the difficulties in diagnosis of mixed respiratory pathogens, this study was undertaken with the following objective simultaneous detection of MG, MS, IBV and ILTV by Multiplex SYBR Green Real Time PCR. The SYBR Green Real time PCR assay was standardized for simultaneous detection of respiratory pathogens in poultry by targeting IGSR gene for MG, vlhA gene for MS, N gene for IBV and ICP4 gene for ILTV in single tube. The optimized conditions for all genes was initial denaturation at 94oC for 3.59 mins, followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 94oC for 20 seconds, annealing at 55oC for 45 seconds and extension at 72oC for 1 min and final extension step was at 72oC for 10 mins. The amplifications of all four genes was observed and recorded the ct values of 30.28 (IGSR gene), 24.16 (vlhA gene), 19.39 (ICP4 gene) and 11.81 (N gene) and also the recorded Tms were 74.0 (IGSR gene), 82.5 (vlhA gene), 85.5 (ICP4 gene) and 80.5 (N gene). The samples with below 35 recorded threshold cycles value were considered as positive. Out of 19 farms screened, 2 were positive for ILT, 10 for MG,7 for MS and 5 for MG and MS and all were negative for IB. In sreened samples, the recorded ct values for IGSR genes ranged between 11.81 to 30.28, product Tms ranged between 74 to 87, for vlhA gene ct values ranged between 17.39 to25.81, product Tms ranged between 81 to 87, for ICP4 gene ct value was 19.08 and 19.23,product Tms was 81 and 80.5.

ABSTRACT
Based on Law no. 18/2009 of the Republic of Indonesia concerning Animal Husbandry and Animal Health that food of animal origin must be safe, healthy, whole and halal. From one aspect, the content of pork and rat meat in processed food products is an act of counterfeiting that is detrimental to consumers and this is against the law because of allergy and halal issues. In practice, meat adulteration by means of mixing pork or rodent derivatives with beef or chicken had been frequently detected by using molecular technology in some market in Java, Indonesia. Unfortunately, very rare information has been available in Bali and Nusa Tenggara. The purpose of this study was to confirm the meat adulteration issues in the region, by analyzing the surveillance data provided by the Disease Investigation Center Denpasar Indonesia. A total of 181 various kinds of samples were collected during active and passive surveillance, although only 85 samples consisting of various animal products namely meatballs, sausages, burgers and fresh meat were analyzed and reported in this study. The method used to obtain the samples were food safety key indicators approach and tested to detect species-specific, cytochrome b (cyt b) coding genes of porcine and rodent. For this, genomic DNA of porcine and rodent were isolated and subjected to PCR amplification using specific set of primers for each animal species. The PCR test showed that a box of meat sample that was previously thought to be beef was PCR positive to contain porcine DNAs. However, all of the animal products tested were negative PCR, suggesting no evidence of pork and rodent meat ingredients in the processed foods tested. It was concluded that the molecular technique could specifically be used to confirm meat counterfeit. This finding confirmed there was a degree of security guarantee for meat adulterations in processed food but not in fresh beef which has medical aspect for allergic consequences and halal fatwa.

ABSTRACT
Cysticercosis and toxoplasmosis are parasitic diseases that are included in the list of 25 strategic infectious animal diseases in Indonesia based on the decree of the Minister of Agriculture No. 4026/Kpts/OT.140/4/2013. It emphasized the strategic policy to control mainly zoonotic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the current seroprevalence level of cysticercosis and toxoplasmosis in pigs in the provinces of Bali and East Nusa Tenggara. A cross-sectional study was conducted by taking 214 pig serum samples from smallholder farms. The samples were tested by specific ELISA for both cysticercosis and toxoplasmosis. Of the 214 serum samples tested, 147 (68.69%) were antibody positive to cysticercosis, and 111 (51.87%) were antibody positive to toxoplasmosis respectively. This finding suggested the strong evidence of infection of those parasitic agents where surveillance was conducted which potentially threaten human health. Therefore, food safety supervision must be tightened, including through counseling or the application of legal sanctions.

ABSTRACT
One way to increase body weight and protect pigs from disease is Lactoferrin. Lactoferrin is a protein that can bind and transfer Fe3+ ions and have a bacteriostatic effect. So this research needs to be done to determine the effect of Lactoferrin in terms of body weight and the number of bacteria in pigs. The study was conducted at a pig farm in the Bangli area, Bali, Indonesia, the sample used 20 piglets given oral lactoferrin, and their anal swabs were taken. The piglets will be given Lactoferrin every day for 7 days and are weighed first, the first 10 piglets as control are not given Lactoferrin (K), the next 10 piglets are given Lactoferrin (P) at a dose of 2 ml per piglet/day then on the 7th day the anal swab was taken and the piglets were weighed again, then the number of bacteria (Total Plate Count) was calculated. The results showed that there was a weight gain of 1.24 Kg/week in piglets given Lactoferrin (P), compared to control piglets (K) which only showed a weight gain of 0.85 Kg/week, and a decrease in the number of bacteria in the treated piglets (P), which shows the number of TPC of 1.109 x 107 CFU compared to piglets that are not given Lactoferrin (K) which shows the number of TPC of 3.6183 x 108. The Lactoferrin effect on weight has no significant difference (P>0.05) but in TPC the Lactoferrin has a significant effect to reduce the TPC (P<0.05).

ABSTRACT
Physiologically the female bovine is considered non-seasonal polyestric. The beginning of the estrous cycle occurs when the female enters puberty, however, the age at which estrus begins is variable. There are specific protocols for inducing puberty in super precocious heifers that favor reproductive efficiency in the herd, increasing estrus and conception rates. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate puberty induction and fixed-time artificial insemination in super precocious heifers from a farm in southern Bahia. For this, 334 F1 heifers, crossing Aberdeen Angus with Nellore had puberty induced by the administration of injectable progesterone, reproductive vaccine CattleMaster Gold® and Fosfosal® and after twelve days, estradiol cypionate was administered. Finally, artificial insemination for a fixed time is performed. It was observed that the conception rate of the animals that participated in the experiment carried out was 69,76% of initial pregnancy in their first pregnancy diagnosis, while in the second evaluation the result was 67,06% of pregnant animals, consisting of a loss embryonic 2,7%. Thus, a satisfactory result of the association between puberty induction and fixed-time artificial insemination was observed. Further studies comparing this protocol with the conventional technique are needed to verify the best approach.

ABSTRACT
Reproductive status of 317 cows slaughtered at the Bamenda Municipal Slaughterhouse were assessed in order to highlight potential losses resulting from the slaughtering of fertile cows. The cows were inspected to determine their ages, their reproductive status and detect possible causes of infertility from the reproductive pathologies observed in the reproductive tract. Data were collected from April to ending July 2020 and analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Of a sample of 1,979 animals slaughtered, 317 (16.02) were cows. About 91.79% of the cows slaughtered were below 9 years of age. Pregnant cows slaughtered showed the highest prevalence (63.50%) of the reproductive states, 26.66% were normal cycling cows, 7.36% were lactating and 2.45% of the cows showed signs of heat. The common reproductive pathologies observed were ovarian cysts (92.85%), metritis (3.57%) and pyometra (3.57%). An estimated net income of 100 964 US $ was found to be lost within a period of three months in a single abattoir due to the slaughter of pregnant cows. The high percentages of pregnant cows, under aged cows and fertile cows slaughtered at Bamenda city Abattoir within the study period caused high economic losses. This is due to the fact that, laws prohibiting the slaughter of such category of cows are not respected and hence the need for the government to reinforce her policies of ante mortem inspection by checking for physiological status in all cows before slaughtering in all national abattoirs to minimize economic losses. Cattle farmers, traders and butchers should be enlightened on the consequences of slaughtering pregnant and under age animals.