ABSTRACT
To contribute to the management of gastrointestinal parasites in small grazing ruminants in Cameroon, this study was conducted in the urban and peri-urban areas of three districts in Ngaoundere, a city in the Adamawa region. The objective was to evaluate farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the management of this pathology. A total of 385 individuals were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire, and 259 of these were selected for the study. The results of the survey indicate that more than half of the farmers in Ngaoundere 2nd had good knowledge of gastrointestinal parasites, with an average score of 87%, whereas the lowest level of knowledge was found in Ngaoundere 3ird, with an average score of 13.4%. Attitudes were more harmful in Ngaoundere 1rst, with a score of 28.7%, than in Ngaoundere 2nd (8.7%) and Ngaoundere 3ird (6%). Ngaoundere 3ird had the most harmful practices (a score of 70.1%), followed by Ngaoundere 1rst and Ngaoundere 2nd (scores of 24.5% and 10.9%, respectively). Certain demographic parameters, such as level of education, age, and years of experience, influence farmers' levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices. This study highlights the need for continuous training of farmers in the proper management of PGI and regular awareness-raising among farmers about disease management on their farms, as well as informing them about the silent evolution of anthelmintic resistance related to the misuse of veterinary drugs.

ABSTRACT
Background: Peer teaching is a student-centered learning method that enhances learning effectiveness through shared understanding and interaction. Cognitive congruence and social congruence are key mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of peer-assisted learning. Objective: This study aimed to explore students’ perceptions of cognitive congruence and social congruence through peer teaching implemented in balanced nutrition training. Methods: A quasi-experimental study with a qualitative approach was conducted among 30 undergraduate students at Nusa Cendana University. Participants were divided into two groups: students taught by peer tutors with prior nutrition knowledge and students taught by peer tutors without prior knowledge. Data were collected through Focus Group Discussions and analyzed thematically. Results: Peer teaching facilitated cognitive congruence through the use of simple, familiar language and shared knowledge frameworks. Social congruence emerged in the form of a comfortable learning atmosphere, empathetic tutor–tutee relationships, and open communication. Both tutor groups were perceived as effective, although tutors with prior knowledge delivered material more systematically. Conclusion: Peer teaching positively influences cognitive and social congruence and is an effective approach for balanced nutrition education among university students.

ABSTRACT
Infectious bronchitis virus is one of the most important economic viral diseases of poultry that is spreading worldwide, affects both gallinaceous and non-gallinaceous birds. Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), classified under the extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) category which causes various syndromes in poultry including systemic and localized infections. Infectious bronchitis and E. coli diseases caused by pathogens are considered infectious or contagious because they can be transmitted from poultry to poultry through direct and indirect routes. According to their pathogenic microorganism, they can be biologically classified into viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites and protozoa. There was total of “Ross strain” chicks used in this study was 21000, (1.523) chickens died resulting in an overall mortality rate of (7.5%) chicken. There were changes in clinical symptoms that occur in broiler chickens aged 10-15 days. These changes include respiratory signs such as difficulty breathing, cough, depression, and decreased appetite. There were changes in post mortem that occur in broiler chickens aged 12, 16 and 31 days. Those changes include mild congestion in the trachea at (12 day of age), congestion in the lung at (16 days of age), nodules and thick surface in the proventriculus and mild congestion in the ileocecal junction at (31 days of age), the lesions that appear were suspected of the infectious bronchitis disease. The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and incidence of an Infectious bronchitis and E. coli pathogens of significant economic importance in broiler farm at Kirkuk City, Iraq. At the end, the results obtained from this work also confirm the suitability of postmortem changes in infectious bronchitis virus and E. coli bacteria included mild congestion in the trachea and proventiculus, also fibrinous peri-hepatitis and pericarditis in broiler chicks.

ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to compare the effects of three common anticoagulants (CPDA-1, ACD, and Heparin) on the quality of canine whole blood during 21 days of storage at 4 °C. A total of 90 blood samples from eligible dog donors were randomly divided into three experimental treatments using anticoagulants CPDA-1, ACD and Heparin, respectively. Hematological parameters were periodically analyzed on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21. The results showed that CPDA-1 was the superior anticoagulant, best maintaining the stability of red blood cell parameters (RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV) while significantly slowing the decline in white blood cell (WBC) and platelet (PLT) counts. In contrast, Heparin demonstrated the poorest preservation efficacy, causing a severe deterioration in red blood cell quality and an almost complete loss of platelet function; while ACD yield intermediate results. These changes are characteristic manifestations of "storage lesions." Therefore, this study confirms that CPDA-1 is the primary choice for the long-term storage of canine blood in veterinary blood banking practice.

ABSTRACT
Background: Salmonella is one of the leading causes of foodborne illness in Malawi. The dissemination of drug-resistant strains through the food chain has important implications for the treatment failure of salmonellosis in human medicine. This study investigated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of zoonotic Salmonella strains associated with poultry. Methods: Samples of chicken droppings from commercial poultry farms within the Mphate area of Ntcheu District in Malawi were collected using a multi-stage sampling technique followed by pooling. Salmonella Shigella agar and Brilliant Green agar were used to isolate the targeted zoonotic species. This was followed by the classification of isolated species using the Analytical Profile Index 20E system and an antimicrobial susceptibility test to establish their antimicrobial resistance pattern. Results: Salmonella species were found in 6 out of 12 samples, with 41.6% (5) belonging to the Non-Typhoidal Salmonella group. S. typhimurium was the most isolated serovar (60%, n=3), followed by S. enteriditis (20%, n=1) and S. enterica subgroup 1 (20%, n=1). The study revealed that chicken droppings harbor Salmonella serovars resistant to common antibiotics, which is a public health issue. The most significant resistance was observed against against Tetracycline (100%), Sulfamethoxazole (80%), Ceftazidime (60%), Gentamicin (40%), Ciprofloxacin (40%) and Ampicillin (20%). Further analysis showed that Salmonella var. typhimurium DT 104 exhibited the highest antibiotic resistance (n=6, 100%), followed by Salmonella var. typhimurium strain 2 (n=5, 83%) and Salmonella var. enterica sub-group 1 (n=3, 50%). All strains that showed resistance against more than two antibiotics were found in layer chickens, with all isolates being resistant to at least one antibiotic. Conclusion: The findings revealed that poultry in Ntcheu District harbours several multidrug-resistant zoonotic strains of Salmonella. There is therefore a

ABSTRACT
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a significant viral infection of poultry caused by IBD virus (IBDV), resulting in severe economic losses. In this study, we reviewed gross lesions associated with IBD diagnosed at the Avian Clinic, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, from January 2013 to December 2023. Data were collected from the record book of the Avian Clinic, entered into Microsoft Excel sheet, cleaned and exported to Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 27) for analyses. Outcomes revealed that IBD constituted 13.0% of the 1,922 cases recorded, with the highest cases in 2023 (33.9%) and 2022 (33.8%), and the lowest in 2013 (5.8%). Gross lesions were mostly (88.4%) observed in the bursa of Fabricius, and these included enlargement (65.1%), turgidity (60.6%), oedema (17.3%), and haemorrhages (33.7%). Other affected organs included the pectoral/thigh muscles (73.9%) with congestion and haemorrhages (47.8% each), and liver (65.5%) with congestion (28.5%) and pallor (27.3%). There were haemorrhages in the proventriculus (53.8%), ventriculus (8.4%), proventriculus-ventriculus junction (10.0%), duodenum (50.6%), jejunum (16.5%), ileum (11.2%), and caecum (9.2%) and trachea (27.3%), and lung congestion (35.7%). The air sacs were cloudy (21.7%) and showed air sacculitis (4.0%). The kidneys were congested (15.7%) and pale (18.9%), with urates (2.0%); the gallbladder was distended with bile (16.1%) and congested (2.4%). This study emphasises the multi-organ involvement in IBD, thus, the need to strengthen control measures. The findings contribute valuable information on IBD pathology and can assist veterinarians and poultry farmers in improving disease management and prevention.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: As infectious bursal disease (IBD), a viral disease, has no specific antiviral treatment, the use of herbal remedies with immunomodulatory and antiviral properties presents a valuable complementary approach to enhance host defenses and reduce disease severity. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical signs, morbidity and mortality rates due to Nigella sativa seed powder (NSSP) pre-administration in cockerels challenged with a very virulent IBD virus (vvIBDV). One hundred, one-day-old Dominant black marshal cockerel (DBMC) chicks were randomly divided into 5 groups (A, B, C, D and E) of 20 birds as follows: A and B were administered feed only from 1 to 42 days of age (doa); C and D administered the NSSP+feed from 21 to 27 doa; E was administered the NSSP+feed from 1 to 42 doa. All the chicks were vaccinated against ND at 7 and 17 days of age. At 28 doa, groups B, D and E were challenged with a vvIBDV orally. The chickens were monitored daily for clinical signs, and morbidity and mortality rates were calculated. Results revealed mild overall clinical sign in groups D (13.0%) and E (9.6%), and severe signs in group B (22.6%). There were lower morbidity and mortality rates in groups D (70.0%; 30.0%) and E (60.0%; 10.0%) than in group B (80.0%; 55.0%). In conclusion, pre-administration with NSSP decreased clinical signs, morbidity and mortality rates in the vvIBDV-challenged cockerels. Hence, there is need for assessment of the effects of NSSP on other parameters in vvIBDV-challenged birds.