ABSTRACT
Reproductive status of 317 cows slaughtered at the Bamenda Municipal Slaughterhouse were assessed in order to highlight potential losses resulting from the slaughtering of fertile cows. The cows were inspected to determine their ages, their reproductive status and detect possible causes of infertility from the reproductive pathologies observed in the reproductive tract. Data were collected from April to ending July 2020 and analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Of a sample of 1,979 animals slaughtered, 317 (16.02) were cows. About 91.79% of the cows slaughtered were below 9 years of age. Pregnant cows slaughtered showed the highest prevalence (63.50%) of the reproductive states, 26.66% were normal cycling cows, 7.36% were lactating and 2.45% of the cows showed signs of heat. The common reproductive pathologies observed were ovarian cysts (92.85%), metritis (3.57%) and pyometra (3.57%). An estimated net income of 100 964 US $ was found to be lost within a period of three months in a single abattoir due to the slaughter of pregnant cows. The high percentages of pregnant cows, under aged cows and fertile cows slaughtered at Bamenda city Abattoir within the study period caused high economic losses. This is due to the fact that, laws prohibiting the slaughter of such category of cows are not respected and hence the need for the government to reinforce her policies of ante mortem inspection by checking for physiological status in all cows before slaughtering in all national abattoirs to minimize economic losses. Cattle farmers, traders and butchers should be enlightened on the consequences of slaughtering pregnant and under age animals.

ABSTRACT
This research aimed to analyze the effect of transport media and post-mortem storage time on the quality of Bali mongrel dogs spermatozoa. Coconut water and saline solution were used as the transport medium for the epididymal samples, and sperm quality parameter analysis was carried out as well as after one hour and two hours. Testicles from 18 (2-4 years old) mongrel dogs were collected via a castration program were used in this study. From each dog, the testicles were transported in different transported media to the laboratory. One testicle was maintained in sterile saline solution, where the other testicle was in coconut water, and sperm quality parameter analysis was carried out as well as after one hour and two hours. Epididymal sperm was harvested through flushing using an egg yolk tris extender. The motility of sperm was evaluated by adding a drop of semen on a warm glass slide covered with a glass slip and viewed at a magnification of x40. Liveability and abnormality of sperm were assessed by the eosin–nigrosin stained technique. Motility and viable spermatozoa could be recovered after two hours in coconut water and saline solution, although motility decreases significantly after two-hour storage time. It is concluded that coconut water and saline solution have a protective effect on epididymal sperm. Motile and viable spermatozoa can be recovered from the epididymides after storage at transport media for two hours.

ABSTRACT
Smoking remains a global health problem because it has negative impacts either on health or economy. Smoking has various forms or types of which cigarette and waterpipe smoking are mostly prevalent. The main objectives of the present study were to investigate the histological changes resulting from exposure to cigarette and waterpipe smoking on rat trachea, and to investigate the ameliorating effects of using Ammi visnaga in reversing the adverse effects of smoking. Animal smoking model was created based on male rats that were randomly assigned in to different groups (N=8). Groups included control group, cigarette smoking group, waterpipe smoking group, cigarette smoking group treated with Ammi visnaga, and waterpipe smoking group treated with Ammi visnaga. Smoking protocol was applied for 1 month. At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed, trachea was isolated and placed in formalin (10%) for fixation, and tissue sections were prepared using Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. Results showed that smoking either cigarette or waterpipe had negative impacts on tracheal tissue in terms of disruption of cilia, or amalgamation of cilia. Heavy infiltration of lymphocytes was observed. The use of Ammi visnaga showed health effects by lowering the infiltration rate of lymphocytes and partial recovery of epithelial cells and reversing impacts on cilia. Taken together, this study, May for the first time, showed the importance of using Ammi visnaga in the improvement of histological changes induced by smoking models on tracheal tissues of smoking rats.

ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and pathology of coccidiosis in goats in the Khartoum State, and the influence of age, sex and oocysts load on the infection rate. A hundred faecal samples were directly collected from the rectum during September – December 2018, from goats rearing industry in Khartoum state .The animals were grouped according to sex and age group. Oocysts were detected using the floatation method; the Mc Master method was used for oocysts count. Length, width and size were measured by calibrated microscope attached to computer for the parasite identification. On the other hand, 100 samples of intestines were collected for gross and microscopic examination, from Albaraka slaughterhouse in Omdurman. The gross intestinal lesions were reported and sections for histopathology were made according to standard methods. The results revealed that the overall prevalence was 79%.Eimeria species identified were: E.ninakohlyakimovae, (41.6%). E. aspsheronica (16%), E. caprovina (16%), E.christenseni (12.5%), E. hirci (8%), E. jolchijevi (4%).According to age, adult goats had significantly lower prevalence than kits. However, kits expressed significantly higher mean of oocyst loud, while adults showed lower means of oocysts loud .The study indicated that no significance difference between male and female infection. The macroscopic examination revealed white scattered nodular lesions of coccidiosis observed from the external surface of the affected areas, along with thickening of the intestinal mucosa. Microscopic examination revealed different developmental stages of Eimeria are found filling all epithelial cells of the villi with sloughing and destruction of the villi. Coccidiosis in goats was found high in Khartoum State. Kids are more susceptible to infection. It is recommended that the proper management is necessary for control of coccidiosis and the animals should be separated according to the age group to avoid the infection.

ABSTRACT
Contamination of environment with heavy metals as a result of human activities and natural causes has become a global problem, as these metals find its way into the food chain which may causes a serious health problem to both animals and human. The main objectives of this research is to determine the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) in kidney, liver, muscle, hide, and blood of goats slaughtered at Sokoto and Gusau modern abattoirs. The concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) in tissues and organs of goats slaughtered at Sokoto and Gusau modern abattoirs were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. A total of one hundred and twenty samples were collected from slaughtered goats at Sokoto and Gusau modern abattoir for analysis. All the samples were positive for Lead, cadmium, and chromium. At Sokoto Modern Abattoir, the overall mean concentrations of lead, cadmium and chromium in slaughtered goats were ranging from 0.13 to 0.38 mg/kg, 0.04 mg/kg to 0.24 mg/kg and 0.06 mg/kg to 0.10 mg/kg respectively. While at Gusau modern abattoir, the overall mean lead, cadmium and chromium concentration were ranging from 0.05 to 0.50, 0.05 mg/kg to 0.24 mg/kg and 0.15 mg/kg to 0.29 mg/kg respectively. There was significant difference in the concentration of lead, cadmium, and chromium, in kidney, liver, muscle, skin and blood of slaughtered goats (P< 0.05). The mean Pb, Cd, and Cr concentrations in all tissues and organs collected from slaughtered goats at both Sokoto and Gusau modern Abattoirs were within the permissible concentration recommended by FAO/WHO and USDA, for animal and human consumption.

ABSTRACT
The presence of endoparasites in the feces of Dasyprocta punctata and the comparison of their heterogeneity in terms of species diversity in two vegetation types (guadua forest and fruit areas) were evaluated in Armenia, Quindio-Colombia. Six patches (three guadua forest and three fruit areas) were randomly selected for feces collection. The methods of Kato-Katz and Ritchie were used for the identification of endoparasites at the genus level. The diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) and dominance (Simpson index) were calculated for each vegetation type and compared by a Student’s t-test. A range-abundance curve was generated to determine the most abundant genus in each vegetation type. Ten genera of endoparasites were recorded. The heterogeneity and dominance of these were not different between vegetation types. However, the range-abundance curves showed that Trichuris, Ascaris and Strongyloides were abundant genera in the guadua forest, and Ascaris, Toxocara and Strongyloides were abundant in the fruit areas. Genera such as Ascaris, Toxocara and Trichuris are reported for the first time in D. punctata, which are commonly reported in domestic animals. The higher abundance of Trichuris, Ascaris and Strongyloides in the guadua forest suggests a relationship with microenvironmental variables. Future studies that identify the possible vectors and hosts of these endoparasites are necessary.

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research was to evaluate effect of encapsulated coconut shell liquid smoke as a replacement for antibiotics in broiler feed on active substances and intestinal microflora. The materials used in this research were 225 Day Old Chick from Cobb strains, which were allocated into 5 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments used in this research were T0 (basal feed) as a control treatment, T0 + (basal feed + antibiotic) as a positive control treatment, T1 (basal feed + 0.5% encapsulated coconut shell liquid smoke), T2 (basal feed +1 encapsulated coconut shell liquid smoke), T3 (basal feed + 1.5% encapsulated coconut shell liquid smoke). The variables measured were active substance contents and intestinal microflora population including Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), Salmonella sp, and Escherichia coli. The microflora data were analyzed by using One Way Analysis of Variance and if there is a significant difference, the different test was performed with Duncan's multiple range tests. The results showed that a slight decrease in the total phenol was found, but total acid and pH of the encapsulated coconut shell liquid smoke markedly changed. In addition, encapsulated coconut shell liquid smoke at 1.5% in broiler feed significantly (P <0.01) increased LAB and decreased Salmonella sp. The conclusion of this research was the addition of encapsulated coconut shell liquid smoke 1.5% could be considered to replace the use of antibiotics in broiler feed.