ABSTRACT
Adequate knowledge about honey bee flora is important for beekeeping this study was under taken to identify and document honeybee plants in West Arsi and East Shoa Zone using melissopalynological analysis of honey samples, pollen collection, plant inventory, structured questionnaires and field observation. Eighteen honey samples were collected from different parts of the zones. Out of 18 samples, 14 were identified as monofloral honeys and 4 as multifloral honeys. This indicated that there is high diversity of honeybee plant species in 4 honey samples that give flowers in the same season contributing for production of multifloral honey and 14 samples were dominated by few major honeybee plants due to their abundance in addition to their quality for honey production. Fifty eight (58) plants species were identified as honey source plants based on melissopalynological analysis of honey. Of 58 species, Guizotia scarba (89.7%). Eucalyptus (69.2%) Eucalyptus camadulensis (66.2%) Acacia tortolis (60.9%) Schefflera Abyssinia (70.2%) and Croton macronstachys (57.2%) provided mono-floral honey. The flowering calendar of the zone indicated two major honey flow periods from April to June and September to November. The scarcity of honeybee forages were observed in July to mid of August and January to February and mid of March. In many districts of the zone, herbaceous honeybee forage species were the dominant honey source plants in September to November. While, in March to May majority of honey source plants were trees and shrubs due to the phonological patterns of plants. To apply seasonal honeybee colony management, beekeepers should manage honeybee colonies following phonological pattern of honeybee plants. Beekeeping based agro forestry practices on cultivated rain fed land, and selection of plant species that can resist drought and bear (set) flower for a long season should be introduced in all land use types.

ABSTRACT
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is the most important source of protein, oil and also cash for poor farmers. Lack of improved variety and optimum phosphorus fertilizer rate are the most important limiting factor for the productivity of soybean. Therefore, an experiment was carried out at Omo Kuraz-1 Sugar Development Project during 2018 cropping season to determine the effect of phosphorus (P) fertilizer levels on yield and yield related traits of soybean varieties. Factorial combination of three soybean varieties (Nova, Awassa-04 and Gazolia) and four rates of P fertilizer (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg P205/ha were laid out in a RCBD with three replications. Data were collected for yield and yield components and analyzed using Statistical analysis software (SAS and Genstat). The analyses of variance showed that there was significant difference (p≤ 0.001) among the varieties for the entire tested parameters, indicating the presence of ample genotypic variation among then Awassa-04 Variety produced significantly high grain yield (1183 Kg ha-1 as compared to Gazolia (950 Kg ha-1) and Nova (566 Kg ha-1). Interaction of variety Awassa-04 with 69 Kg P205 ha -1 showed maximum grain yield (1352 Kg ha-1) while the minimum value (403 Kg ha-1) was recorded for interaction of Nova variety with 0 kg P205 ha-1. Based on the economic analysis phosphorus fertilizer application at rate of 69 Kg P205 ha –1 resulted in highest marginal rate of return (350.9%). Therefore, it was conclude that phosphorus fertilizer application at rate of 69 Kg P205 ha-1 can be recommended for the study area. However, further study should be done on different rate of phosphorous to come up with a more comprehensive recommendation.

ABSTRACT
he research study analyzed the effect of rural banditry on IFAD-CASP participating crop farmers in Zamfara State, Nigeria. Interview schedule was used to collect data from 360 respondents that were selected for the study. A multi stage and simple random sampling technique was used in selecting the respondents. Descriptive statistical tools (mean, percentages, frequency distribution) and inferential statistics (logic regression analysis, paired sample T-test and Spearman`s correlation coefficient) were used for data analysis. The results of the study reveals that majority of the respondents were married with an average household size of 8 persons and income level of less than N 20,000/month. Most of the respondents (50%) indicate that the conflict is very severe resulting to great economic, physical and social effects on the respondents. The results of ranking of effect of rural banditry on IFAD-CASP in the study area, indicates poor participation, increased rural poverty, poor supervision of programme, poor economic growth and poor information dissemination were ranked 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th respectively. It could be concluded that rural banditry poses poor economic growth, increased rural poverty, poor participation, and poor programme implementation and induces fear and uncertainty. The study therefore, recommend that urgent provision of adequate security personnel to Mann the porous borders, prompt enrollment of the vulnerable into government social investment programmes, organize training/seminars for peace building purpose and also government should register all mining site and their activities properly monitored.

ABSTRACT
This paper reviews the Nutritive, Medicinal and General Economic Importance of Moringa Oleifera. Moringa oleifera also known as drum stick, horseradish tree or miracle tree is native to India and grows in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Moringa can withstand both severe drought and mild frost conditions and hence widely cultivated across the world. With its high nutritive values, every part of the tree is suitable for either nutritional or commercial purposes. The leaves are rich in minerals, vitamins and other essential phytochemicals. Extracts from the leaves are used to treat malnutrition, augment breast milk in lactating mothers. M. oleifera seed, a natural coagulant is extensively used in water treatment. The scientific effort of this research provides insights on the use of moringa as a cure for diabetes and cancer and fortification of moringa in commercial products. This review explores the use of moringa across disciplines for its medicinal value and deals with cultivation, nutrition, commercial and prominent pharmacological properties of this “Miracle Tree”.

ABSTRACT
To characterize goats in the Tunisian oases areas where agricultural purposes and practices and breeders’ distributions allow a better understanding of the dynamics of goat herding, a survey was conducted among 226 farmers in Tunisian oases. In goat breeding systems in the Tunisian south, breeders are often multiactive, and interventions on herds and pastures are minimal. The reproduction type is traditional, a method of natural mating without any intervention from breeders. The average age of breeders was 52.4years. Illiterates represent more than 50%. The recorded rates of adult death and abortion in Tunisian oasis regions are equal to 1.5% and 1.44%, respectively, showing the technical skills of breeders. Three different systems were identified. The first type was the “preoasis and suburban” system, which includes farms located around oases and irrigated areas. This herding type is sedentary; the peak reproduction occurs in spring. Sixty percent of farmers exchange their bulks during the mating season. Farmers (92.5%) do not practice flushing or steaming. Another type of breeding is the “mountain” system, which includes farms at the mountains of the Tamerza chain in the Jerid region and some farms in periurban areas around the villages of Fatnassa and Bechni from Nefzawa. The last system is characterized by its “transhumance and desert”, which mainly includes farms in the desert of Rjim Maatoug. It is a specialized transhumant system where animal husbandry is the main activity of income in this region.

ABSTRACT
The paper reviewed the concepts of dry spells based on United States Geological Survey (USGS) perspective and other perspectives such as those adopted in different fields like meteorology, hydrology, and economy of water resources. It showcases the forms of dry spells to include meteorological dry spells, Agricultural dry spells, socioeconomic dry spells and hydrological dry spells. The paper succinctly elucidated the various causes of dry spells such as natural causes, altered weather patterns, excess water demands etc. the paper also unveils the disastrous effects of dry spells on farm families to include famine and hunger, social conflicts and wars, migration and relocation etc. the paper then suggested ways and/or coping strategies of dry spell issues for improved food security such as planting more trees and combating deforestation, irrigation, use of dry spell tolerant and early maturing crop varieties by farmers

ABSTRACT
Ten sesame varieties were evaluated using Randomized complete block design with three replications at Omo kuraz -1 sugar development project of South Omo, Southern Ethiopia, during 2018/19 under irrigated condition to estimate phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance for some important characters in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). The treatment consisted of ten varieties of sesame namely: E, Tate, Kelafo- 74, Mehando-80, T-85, Adi, Abasena, S, Argene and Serkamo. Data were collected on phenological, growth, yield, yield components, oil content and oil yield and analyzed using SAS software version 9.0. The results showed that there were significant differences among the varieties for all characters studied. High estimates for GCV and PCV were observed in seed yield and oil yield, While Plant height to first branch, Plant height to first capsule, number of capsules per plant and harvest index showed moderate PCV and GCV and the remaining traits recorded low PCV and GCV. High estimates for heritability values were observed for traits Seed yield, Plant height to first branch, TSW, Plant height to first capsule, internode length and harvest index which indicated that for breeding activities and can be utilized in subsequent selections based on phenotypic expressions of individual plants for specific traits. And it further indicates the limited influence of the environment on the phenotypic expressions of the traits. Further computation for GAM indicated that high estimates were found for Seed yield, number of capsules per plant, Harvest index, Plant height to first branch, Plant height to first capsule which could further confirm the easy of selections based on phenotypic traits after cycle of selection using 5 % selection intensity. This study generally indicated that there were significance genetic variations among the varieties. Thus, there is enormous opportunity of using the germplasm in the improvement program for employing