ABSTRACT
Family owned tourism businesses in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) balance cultural preservation, environmental stewardship, and innovation. On Mahé, Seychelles, the entrepreneurial realities regarding finance, skills, succession, and ecosystem support remain unsynthised. This PRISMA-aligned systematic review shows that innovation adoption in Mahé's family tourism enterprises is mediated by intergenerational knowledge transfer and constrained by ecosystem fragmentation, a relationship that has not been previously synthesized in the literature on SIDS. Integrating Innovation Diffusion, Sustainable Tourism, and Entrepreneurial Ecosystem frameworks, the review finds that succession planning aligned with family values and policy frameworks coordinating finance, capacity building, and ecosystem support are necessary to sustain revenue and heritage. Using Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, studies were appraised against the inclusion criteria. The findings confirm that family culture underpins experiences and that intergenerational transfer mediates innovation adoption, although geographic isolation and market size limit supply chains. Innovation, primarily in digital marketing and sustainability, remains uneven owing to financial and capacity bottlenecks. Most studies report that financing constraints affect over half of SIDS tourism businesses, while less than half indicate strong managerial competence. Although intergenerational transfer supports continuity, succession planning challenges in 40% of studies threaten modernization. External shocks, such as COVID-19, caused revenue declines exceeding 50%, forcing pivots toward domestic and virtual offerings, despite fragmented policy support.

ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the influence of Procure-to-Pay on internal audit practices in Kakamega County, Kenya. Implemented by the Kenya National Treasury in 2013, the procure-to-pay system aims to enhance financial accountability and transparency in county governments. Despite its adoption, persistent challenges such as delayed payments to suppliers and recurring audit queries from the Office of the Auditor General suggest gaps in the effective utilization of the procure-to-pay system for internal audit practices, forming the core problem of this study. A descriptive-correlational research design was utilized. A census study approach was adopted, in which data were collected from 119 Kakamega County Treasury staff (accountants, internal auditors, finance officers, chief officers, and members of the executive committee), with a response rate of 84%. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire that was validated through expert review and pre-testing to minimize bias and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Systems Theory underpinned the study. Descriptive results presented in tables highlighted significant relationships between Procure-to-Pay and internal audit practices. Similarly, Regression findings indicate that Procure-to-Pay (R=0.767) positively influenced internal audit practices. The study recommends enhanced training and system integration and informs policy on optimizing IFMIS to strengthen internal audit practices in devolved units. These findings contribute to public financial management reforms in Kenya.

ABSTRACT
Rural industrialisation has become an important aspect of inclusive economic growth, job creation, poverty alleviation and balanced regional development in India. In Arunachal Pradesh, with over two-thirds of the population in rural areas and agriculture being the key activity, the process of industrialisation in rural areas has emerged as a vital tool for livelihood diversification and a way to curb dependence on subsistence farming. The state has vast natural resources, high biodiversity, traditional skills and unique cultural heritage, which offer tremendous potential for rural industries development. The important sectors that have been developed in the rural area are Handloom, handicrafts, bamboo & cane-based industry, food processing, agro based industry, forest-based industry and also the rural tourism. Though the industrial potential is huge, the rural industrialisation is marred by many other problems like lack of infrastructure, remoteness, lack of market connectivity, lack of access to finance, technology backwardness and lack of skilled man power in Arunachal Pradesh. The present scenario of rural industrialisation in Arunachal Pradesh is analysed with emphasis on its growth, achievements, challenges, government initiatives and prospects.

ABSTRACT
This study evaluates the organizational structure of the Regional Development Planning, Research and Development Agency (BAPPEDALITBANG) of West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, in supporting public service effectiveness following its restructuring under West Kutai Regent Regulation No. 8 of 2021. The study focuses on four evaluative indicators: the effectiveness and efficiency of the organizational structure, the adequacy of the policy underpinning it, and its responsiveness to service needs. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach grounded in a constructivist paradigm and an evaluative case-study design, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation, and were analyzed descriptively using a Likert-scale index alongside thematic qualitative analysis. Findings show that the organizational structure generally supports public service effectiveness at a very good level: 50 of 51 respondents rated organizational effectiveness very good, 47 rated efficiency very good, 45 rated policy adequacy very good, and 49 rated policy responsiveness very good. Overall, of 204 total assessments across the four indicators, 191 (93.63 percent) fell in the very good category and 13 (6.37 percent) in the good category, with no assessments in the poor or very poor categories. Supporting factors include a clear division of duties and functions, formally regulated authority, functioning inter-unit coordination, a reasonably well-directed service workflow, and the legal foundation provided by Regent Regulation No. 8 of 2021. Inhibiting factors include uneven employee understanding of duties and functions, the need for stronger cross-sectoral coordination, workflow efficiency optimization, and improved policy socialization and implementation consistency. Notably, this predominantly favorable staff perception stands in tension with the agency's own institutional performance reports, which recorded a decline in coordination effectiveness

ABSTRACT
Commercial bank involvement in agricultural financing has continued to be too low to stimulate agricultural productivity in Nigeria despite the financial reforms of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP). In this study, we investigated banking lending to agricultural sector in Nigeria in both the pre-SAP and the post-SAP era. The study was based on the credit rationing theory, financial intermediation theory and Schumpeter's theory of economic development. The ex post facto research design was used and based on the positivist philosophy. Secondary annual time series data were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin covering the period 1981 – 2024. The observations were distributed into pre-SAP and post-SAP and compared by the independent sample t-test at 5% level of significance. It was found that the commercial bank lending to agriculture was much more when the financial reforms were implemented (post-SAP) as compared with the period before the financial reforms (pre-SAP). The significant differences in post-SAP lending, however, indicated that there are structural and institutional factors affecting agricultural financing. Conclusively, the study showed that SAP enhanced commercial bank lending to agriculture, but agriculture financing growth needs to be bolstered by better financial intermediation and policy frameworks. It suggested to strengthen the agricultural credit guarantee mechanism and risk sharing system to increase the role of commercial banks in the agricultural funding. The study added to the knowledge as it gave empirical proof that the pre- and post-SAP policy regimes have different effects on commercial bank lending to the Nigerian agriculture sector through the independent samples t-test.

ABSTRACT
Geopolitical disruptions such as armed conflicts, political instability, economic sanctions, diplomatic tensions, and changing immigration policies have become increasingly common in the contemporary global business environment. These developments pose significant challenges for multinational organizations and their expatriate workforce. Expatriates are particularly vulnerable to geopolitical uncertainty because such events can affect their personal safety, psychological well-being, family stability, career progression, and assignment continuity. At the same time, organizations operating across borders face operational disruptions, increased costs, project delays, talent shortages, and difficulties in maintaining international business activities. This study examines the impact of geopolitical instability on expatriates by investigating both individual and organizational losses from the perspective of human resource professionals responsible for expatriate management. The study is guided by three objectives: to identify the major geopolitical factors affecting expatriates, to examine the individual losses experienced by expatriate employees, and to assess the business losses faced by organizations due to expatriate disruptions. A quantitative descriptive research design was employed, and primary data were collected from 20 HR managers involved in expatriation and global mobility functions within multinational organizations. The collected responses were analyzed using frequency and percentage-based techniques. The findings reveal that armed conflicts, visa restrictions, and political instability are the most influential geopolitical factors affecting expatriate assignments. Psychological stress, family disruption, and career uncertainty emerged as the most significant individual consequences, while project delays, increased relocation expenses, and talent shortages were identified as major organizational losses.

ABSTRACT
This study aims to examine impact on settlement acquisition and or portfolio migration between Citibank (USA) and Standard Chartered Bank (UK) regarding financial performance in Indonesia for the year 2022 and 2023. This study explores whether any difference in financial performance aspects between Citibank (USA) and Standard Chartered Bank (UK) as impacted from settlement acquisition and or portfolio migration. Research gap moment is currently no existence research that examines impact settlement acquisition and or portfolio migration among large banks regarding financial performance. So that expected will formed new novelty that can be obtained become reference journals study following this article. The objective specifically for examining: (1). There is difference or no difference on Citibank (USA) performance between 2022 and 2023, (2). There is difference or no difference on Standard Chartered Bank (UK) performance in 2022 and 2023.