ABSTRACT
This article explores the consequences of these propositions: (1) the enlightenment made popular a belief in causal determinism – the idea that every event has a cause. (2) The Scottish enlightenment Adam Smith’s moral theory begins from the notion that the morality behind human actions is practical and based on the sentiment of sympathy, a mechanism that we use to place ourselves in others’ shoes. (3) Certain contemporary ethical theories use empirical evidence and evolutionary arguments to explain the origin of sympathy and to support the interference of evolutionary pressures in our moral sentiments. These propositions together have the following consequences: (3) Different biological interpretations of sympathy can lead us to different results from a practical standpoint. (4) So, our understanding of the evolutionary dimension of sympathy has implications for moral theories that have sympathy as their base. Thus, the combination of the Enlighten ideas and moral sentimentalism led to a belief in the causal determination of human emotions, and its causes. Bearing in mind that empirical investigations have demonstrated how evolutionary biology can influence our moral sentiments, my purpose is to analyze whether Smithean morality might be jeopardized by these contentions. To this end, I test whether Smith’s sympathy would be compatible with evolutionary accounts, in particular, with Sharon Street’s view.

ABSTRACT
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder distinguished by micro architectural deterioration and rapid bone loss at the osseous tissue, increasing the risk for bone fracture especially at the hip, wrist, and spine. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) is a quantitative method that provides access to quantitative and qualitative information. The study aimed to assess the level of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice regarding Osteoporosis among adult patients in Bashair University Hospital 202l. Methodology: This was descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study conducted in Bashair Hospital 2021. 200 participants were chosen. Data were collected using designed interview questionnaire. Statistical package for social sciences version 26 used for analysis. Results: (53.5%) of participants were females. (33.0%) of participants their level of educational is basic school. (45.2%) of the participants had poor knowledge, (40%) of the participants had poor attitude, and (54%) of the participants had moderate practice about Osteoporosis among adult patients. There was a significant relation between age groups and level of educational regarding Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (p≤ .001). There was a significant relation between Knowledge and Attitude (P<.001) and Knowledge and Practice (P<.001). Conclusion: The study concluded that adult patients had poor knowledge, attitude and moderate practice regarding Osteoporosis. Factors such as age, level of educational and gender were significantly influence the level of knowledge, attitude and practice. Recommendation: Upraise the level of awareness; establish screening programs for community population especially in low socioeconomic areas, regular investigations and at least once for bone scanning regarding Osteoporosis.

ABSTRACT
The study determined school-type and gender influence on the efficacy of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) on reducing bullying among students in senior secondary schools in Ikwerre Local Government Area in Rivers State, Nigeria. Bullying was the dependent variable while CBT was the independent variable. School-type and gender were the moderator variables. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. A sample of 45 students identified as bullies from a population of 2,368 SS2 students in Ikwerre Local Government Area using a non-probability purposive sampling technique was used. Olweus Bullying Questionnaire (OBQ) was the instrument used for the study. OBQ had its content validity estimated by the total item cumulative variance of 75.25% while its construct validity was estimated by factor loading matrixes that ranged between .45 and .88. The reliability of OBQ was established using Cronbach alpha at r=.80, p<.05 level of significance. Data collected were analyzed using independent t-test. Results of the study indicated that school-type had no influence on the efficacy of CBT on reducing bullying. This is due to the fact that the mean reduction difference of public and private school students on their bullying reduction level was not significant at 0.05 alpha level of significance, when tested with independence t-test. Gender had no influence on the efficacy of CBT on the reduction of bullying. This is due to the fact that the mean reduction difference of male and female students on their bullying reduction level was not significant when tested with independent t-test statistics. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that counsellors and psychotherapists should make use of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in reducing students’ bullying behaviour without the fear of these variables interfering with the treatment.

ABSTRACT
This study examined managing resource wastages as predictors of effective secondary school administration in Anambra State, Nigeria. The study was guided by three objectives and a corresponding research questions and null hypotheses. The study adopted a correlation survey research design. The population of the study comprised of all the 762 Principals and Vice Principals in 254 public senior secondary schools in Anambra State. A simple random sampling technique was used to select a sample 385 respondents representing 50% of the entire population of this study. The research instruments titled: Managing Resources Wastages Scale (MRWS) and Effective Secondary School Administration Scale (ESSAS) were used for this study. The face and content validities of the instrument were established by the researcher. Cronbach Alpha statistics was used to test for the reliability of the instruments which the coefficients of Managing Resources Wastages Scale and Effective Secondary School Administration Scale are 0.84 and 0.88. The reliability coefficients for the subscales of Financial Resource Wastages, Human Resource Wastages and Infrastructural Resource Wastages are 0.82, 0.81 and 0.87 respectively. The findings of the study revealed that that that the strategies for managing financial resource wastages and human resource wastages to a high extent predict effective secondary school administration in Anambra State. However, strategies for managing infrastructural resource wastages to a low extent effective secondary school administration in Anambra State. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that chool administrators should strengthen their effort in managing financial resource and keep record track of their expenditure to avoid linkages and wastages in the system for effective secondary school administration.

ABSTRACT
The counseling process always involves counselors and clients who come from different cultural backgrounds ranging from race, ethnicity and religion. In this case, the role playing technique can help the counseling process between the client and the counselor to find solutions to the problems at hand. In this study, the contribution of the model KIPAS itself, namely self-development and problem solving counselee, with an approach that relies on aspects of culture, experience, integrating various counseling approaches in conventional approaches, elements and values of culture, psychology, religion and social. This research uses a case study approach. The object of study is in the form of book and journal literature, both digital and manual, while the data collection method is carried out by observation and documents. The results of this study are socio-historical drama scripts, themes and characterizations as well as an emphasis on preventing the emergence of problems in a person. Thus the model KIPAS is a process to help a person or individuals to understand how the process of solving problems about cultural life in today's society.

ABSTRACT
On behalf of sexual equality, some women find it hard to submit to the authority of their husbands. Most of the time, those women are considered as wives with men temperament, exempted of flexibility. Through the colloquial name masculine femininity, this lack of flexibility leads to conflicts in many couples in Cotonou. This research is carried out with a quantitative approach throughou a written questionnaire sent to 83 people with regard to inclusive and exclusive criterias. The reasonable choice method, the iceberg method and the volounteers method are the three main methods used for this research. The methodology helps to collect key information and material which revealed that many men (94%) do not accept wives domination. The data collected from the survey point out that 73,3% and 61,9% of people interviewed, consider wives subjugation to their husbands as a cultural and spiritual fact and agree that women should remain subjugated to men’s authority. However, some of them, 94,1% interviewed, mainly intelectuals, think that we should necessarily refer to law so as to know women and men’s role within couples. They reject any idea of man’s authority on woman. Thus, it is important to highlight that the constant observation of man authority and or woman’s role doesn’t always garantee a couple exempted of conflicts.

ABSTRACT
This study investigated the relationship among the self-motivation, empathy, social skill and job satisfaction among Anglican Clergymen. This study adopted a correlational survey design. The study covered the five dioceses that were created from the old Warri diocese of Bayelsa and Delta States. Three research questions and three corresponding hypotheses were raised and formulated to guide the study. The entire study population of 528 clergies were used. The research instrument that was used is a four-point Likert type questionnaire titled “self-motivation, empathy, social skill and Job Satisfaction of Clergy Scale” (SESJSS). Cronbach Alpha statistics was used to estimate the reliability of the instrument and the following reliability coefficients (r) of 0.871 for self-motivation, 0.873 for empathy, 0.921 for social skills and 0.911 for clergy job satisfaction were obtained, while regression statistics was used to analyse data to answer the research questions and to test the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level of significance. From the data analysis, it was found that self-motivation, empathy and social skills are significantly related to job satisfaction of Anglican Clergies. Based on these findings the following recommendations was made: Clergies should be trained on self-motivation, empathy and social relations; Although clergies are counsellors in some form, but they are not trained in the art of usage of psychological principles, as such, refresher courses on psychological approaches to counselling should be given to them; and the church should create a counselling unit and a professional counsellor be engaged to assist the clergy.