ABSTRACT
Toxins can alter the nervous system in ways that can disrupt or damage the brain or peripheral nervous system because of repeated exposure to natural or man-made toxic substances. The present study aims to investigate the neuro-behavioral and cytoarchitecture protective functions of rutin and vitamin C in monosodium glutamate and alcohol induced neurotoxicity in male Wistar rats. After two weeks of acclimatization, the animals were randomly selected into ten (10) groups with each group having five animals each (n=5). Neurotoxicity was induced with an oral single daily administration of 30% alcohol and 1.5g/kg body weight of Monosodium glutamate for 28 days consecutively in all rat groups except group1. The animals were subsequently treated as follows: Group 1: Control; animals in this group had free access to water and laboratory rat chow. Group 2: MSG only; animals in this group received no additional treatment after induction of neurotoxicity with a single daily administration of 1.5g/kg of MSG. Group 3: Alcohol only; animals in this group received no additional treatment after induction of neurotoxicity with a single daily administration of 30% alcohol. Group 4: MSG + Alcohol; animals in this group got no treatment after the induction of neurotoxicity with a single daily administration of 1.5g/kg of MSG and 30% alcohol. Group 5: MSG + Alcohol + Rutin; animals in this group received 30mg/kg of rutin following induction of neurotoxicity. Group 6: MSG + Alcohol + Vitamin C; animals in this group received 200mg/kg of vitamin C following induction of neurotoxicity. Group 7: MSG + Rutin; animals in this group received 30mg/kg of rutin following induction of neurotoxicity. Group 8: MSG + Vitamin C; animals in this group received 200mg/kg of rutin following induction of neurotoxicity. Group 9: Alcohol + Rutin; animals in this group received 30mg/kg of rutin following induction of neurotoxicity. Group 10: Alcohol + Vitamin C; animals in this group received 200mg/kg ...

ABSTRACT
The effects of changes in climatic factors like temperature, moisture, and precipitation influence host response through differences in vitamin D distribution, ultraviolet radiation, malnutrition, and other risk factors. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for the impact of climate change on tuberculosis through diverse pathways. The results of the analysis show a pathway's relationship between the environment, tuberculosis (TB) risk time, and social fabric is represented in the social environment; place vulnerability is an example of the built environment, the hazard potential functions through both the social and natural environment, while geographic context focuses on the natural aspects of the environment. Notwithstanding, environmental factors and infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis, have a complicated and multidimensional interaction. The synthesis of the previous studies and conceptual model of this paper, along with additional literature, underscores the need for public health strategies that incorporate environmental factors. The paper concludes that as climate change continues to shape global health landscapes, there is an urgent need for policies and interventions that address the complex interactions between climate, geography, and disease. Future research should continue to explore these relationships, as well as develop actionable insights for mitigating the public health impacts of climate-driven disease transmission. It is envisaged that this theoretical model will serve as a useful tool in identifying and addressing the gap, which consequently has long-term benefits on the risk factors for tuberculosis.

ABSTRACT
Background: The most frequent type of cardiac abnormality in childhood is left-to-right shunting in acyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD). Delays in CHD care are caused by limited access to professional health services. Limited facilities, delayed diagnosis, and family economic factors all make it difficult to close the shunt in a timely manner, increasing the patient's risk of developing pulmonary hypertension. Objective: To determine the factors that influence pulmonary hypertension in pediatric patients with left to right shunting in acyanotic congenital heart diseases. Materials and Methods: This observational study was included children with acyanotic CHD left-to-right shunting who were admitted in the Department of Pediatric Cardiology in Bangladesh Shishu Hospital & Institute (BSHI), Dhaka, from 1st January to 31st December 2024. Total 140 patients aged between 1 month to 17 years with isolated atrial septal defect, or ventricular septal defect, or patent ductus arteriosus were included. Patients who had abnormalities that limited blood flow to the lungs, such as pulmonary stenosis, disorders that limited systemic blood flow such as aortic stenosis, aortic coarctation, mitral stenosis, as well as patients with rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and infective endocarditis were excluded. Results: Younger children are more likely to develop pulmonary hypertension (p < 0.05). About four-fifth 55 (78.57%) of the participants had single congenital anomaly. Out of the remaining 6 (8.57%) children ASD e PDA was 4 (5.71%), ASD and VSD was 3 (4.29%), VSD e PDA was 3 (4.29%) respectively. Heart failure was substantially higher in the pulmonary hypertension group compared to the no pulmonary hypertension group (42.86% vs. 10%, p<0.001). The findings revealed that heart failure was a strong predictor of pulmonary hypertension, with a hazard ratio of 4.1. Conclusion: Patients with acyanotic CHD and heart failure who underwent left-to-right shunting have a four-...

ABSTRACT
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is rising steadily due to increased consumption of high-fat diet. This study evaluates the effects of red, green, and black pepper varieties on the liver enzymes of wistar rats fed with a high-fat diet. The study involved 35 wistar rats separated into seven groups of five rats each. The animals were fed with high-fat diet consisting of butter throughout the period of the experiment. Group 1 is untreated and received only high-fat diet. Groups 2 and 3 received additional 50mg/kg and 75mg/kg of red pepper respectively, Groups 4 and 5 received additional 50mg/kg and 75mg/kg of green pepper respectively, Groups 6 and 7 received in addition 50mg/kg and 75mg/kg of black pepper respectively. The experiment lasted for 28days and thereafter, blood samples were collected to determine the serum concentrations of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The results showed that of all the pepper types used in our study, only the high dose of black pepper significantly increased all the liver enzymes measured. The AST and ALT concentrations were not altered by administration of red pepper, low dose of black pepper and high dose of green pepper. At both concentrations (50mg/kg and 75mg/kg) the three pepper types respectively increased ALP levels and this is possibly attributable to intestinal stimulation. Conclusively, red, green and low dose black pepper possibly exhibited no deleterious effect on the liver. However, our study suggests that consumption of high dose of black pepper might be hepato-toxic. Further research is needed to elucidate underlying mechanisms and optimize therapeutic strategies.

ABSTRACT
Prediabetes is a significant metabolic disorder associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Identifying cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with prediabetes is crucial for early intervention and prevention strategies. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and distribution of cardiovascular risk factors among newly diagnosed prediabetes patients and their associations with different prediabetes subtypes. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 newly diagnosed prediabetes patients at a tertiary care center in Bangladesh. Prediabetes was classified into four subgroups: isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), both IFG and IGT, and isolated HbA1c-defined prediabetes, based on the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2017 criteria. Cardiovascular risk factors, including body mass index (BMI), central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and microalbuminuria, were assessed. Statistical analyses were performed to compare risk factor prevalence among the subgroups. Dyslipidemia (98%), central obesity (90%), and metabolic syndrome (69%) were the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors. Family history of diabetes (51%) and cardiovascular disease (33%) were also common. The IFG group exhibited the highest prevalence of dyslipidemia (100%), metabolic syndrome (85.7%), and hypertension (42.9%), though differences across subgroups were not statistically significant. A significant correlation was found between spot urinary albumin-creatinine ratio and 2-hour plasma glucose levels (p = 0.002). Cardiovascular risk factors are highly prevalent in prediabetes, emphasizing the need for early screening and targeted interventions to prevent disease progression and reduce future CVD burden.

ABSTRACT
Background: The WHO highlights that barriers to reporting GBV include fear of stigma, lack of confidence in justice systems, and inadequate support service. Cultural norms and inadequate legal protections further hinder GBV reporting and support in this setting. Gender-based violence is a threat to public health and affects women and girls in different ways and forms. Women and girls around the world are often the targets — either directly or caught in the crossfire of inter-communal violence. They also bear the brunt of economic pressures through displacement, loss of livelihood, and property destruction, or the loss of household breadwinners because of the violence. This study delved from awareness to barriers of reporting prevalence and forms of gender based violence among adolescents in conflict settings of Southern Kaduna. Methodology: The research utilizes a cross-sectional design with simple random and convenient sampling technique among adolescents who were chosen from secondary schools, community, churches, mosques, and youth clubs at a particular time providing a snapshot of forms of gender-based violence among adolescents in conflict areas using Zangon-Kataf. Data were amassed via structured questionnaires, analyzed using SPSS. Results: Findings were presented through percentages in tables. Results revealed that a majority of adolescents or respondents reported having experienced GBV at some point in their lives. The findings of this study underscore that while a certain percentage of respondents reported not experiencing GBV in the past year, a significant proportion experienced it rarely, occasionally, or frequently. This suggests that GBV is an ongoing issue in the community, with many individuals experiencing repeated instances of violence. Furthermore, the study disclosed that the community was identified as the most frequent location for GBV incidents, followed by the workplace and home. In addition, physical violence was cited as the most ....

ABSTRACT
Background: Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA) is a hereditary androgen-dependent disorder characterized by a gradual conversion of terminal hair into miniaturized hair with typical bitemporal recession and balding vertex and is considered the most common type of baldness characterized by progressive hair loss. Aims and objectives: This study evaluated the testosterone and Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S) in males with androgenetic alopecia. Methods: This case control study was carried out in the department of Dermatology & Venereology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka during the period of January 2024 to December 2024. A total of 70 patients with androgenetic alopecia and without history of androgenetic alopecia were included in the study. The study had 35 male patients presenting with patterned hair loss were recruited as AGA group, whereas 35 had age and sex-matched with no evidence of hair loss were recruited as control group. Serum FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone, SHBG, DHEA-S and free androgen index were estimated. Results: In this study, the mean age was 25.7±2.7 years in AGA group and 25.3±2.5 years in control group. The mean BMI was 26.6±2.5 kg/m2 in AGA group and 26.0±2.7 kg/m2 in control group. The difference were not statistically significant (p>0.05) between AGA and control groups. Mean serum LH (7.6±1.5 vs. 4.7±1.4 µIU/mL; P =0.001), serum prolactin (14.0±3.8 vs. 10.8±4.4 ng/ml; P =0.001), serum testosterone (6.5±1.9 vs. 5.2±2.0 ng/ml; P =0.005), DHEA-S (297.0±11.7 vs. 260.9±14.7 µg/dl) and free androgen index (72.5±30.8 vs. 49.2±27.1; P =0.001) are significantly increased in AGA group than control groups. The mean serum FSH (3.9±1.5 vs. 5.5±2.5 µIU/mL; P =0.002) and SHBG (23.4±6.2 vs. 29.2±9.6 nmol/l; P =0.004) are significantly decreased in AGA group than control groups. Conclusion: This study was concluded that serum LH, prolactin, serum testosterone, DHEA-S and free androgen index are increased whereas, serum FSH and ...