ABSTRACT
Introduction: Many people easily access information about medications to treat their symptoms, despite not knowing the side effects of these drugs. One of the frequently used medication options is NSAIDs, such as Diclofenac Sodium. The irrational use of Diclofenac Sodium can cause side effects such as gastritis. Measures that can be taken to reduce inflammation and damage to the gastric mucosa are by administering medications and herbs. One of the herbal plants that can be used is Binahong Leaf. Aims: To identify the effect of Binahong Leaf extract on gastric histopathology of white rats induced by Diclofenac Sodium. Method: The research is a laboratory experiment with a true experimental design posttest only with control group approach in the treatment and control groups. The experimental animal samples were divided into 5 groups, namely the negative control, positive control, treatment 1 (extract dose 100 mg/kgBW), treatment 2 (extract dose 150 mg/kgBW), and treatment 3 (extract dose 200 mg/kgBW). Assessment of gastric mucosal epithelium using Barthel Manja Scoring. Data analysis using One Way Anova Test and Post Hoc Fisher's LSD Test. Results: The test results using One Way Anova showed a significant difference in the histopathology of the stomach of white rats given Binahong Leaf extract with a value of p = 0.000 (p <0.05). Conclusion: There is an effect of Binahong Leaf extract on gastric histopathology of white rats induced by Diclofenac Sodium with the most effective dose of 200 mg/ kgBW.

ABSTRACT
Secondary cardiac tumors are rare and severe conditions, usually occurring in the advanced stages of primary cancer and consequently associated with a poor prognosis. Their clinical presentations are variable and often misleading. We report the case of a 50-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with dyspnea and a deteriorated general condition. Initial echocardiographic evaluation revealed a mass in the left atrium extending into the pulmonary veins. The final diagnosis was pulmonary adenocarcinoma with atrial invasion. We describe the clinical scenario and management, and provide a brief review of the literature.

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Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasingly reported in Africa, but diagnosis is frequently constrained by limited access to lower gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, histopathology, and specialist services. We compared socio-demographic characteristics and documentation of investigations/procedures among patients diagnosed with IBD versus other gastrointestinal diseases (GD) at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH), Kenya. Methods: We conducted a retrospective case–control review of KNH medical records from January 2011 to December 2024. Cases had a clinician-documented diagnosis of Crohn’s disease and/or ulcerative colitis. Controls had other GD diagnoses. We summarized participant characteristics and documented investigations/procedures. Groups were compared using χ²/Fisher’s exact tests, and binary logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Among 151 records, 45 (29.8%) were IBD and 106 (70.2%) were other GD. No socio-demographic variable (age group, sex, education, marital status, occupation) differed significantly between groups (p>0.05). Lower GI endoscopy (colonoscopy and/or sigmoidoscopy, recorded in charts as “endoscopy”) was documented more often among IBD than GD (40.0% vs 30.2%; p=0.046). Gastroscopy/EGD was more frequently documented among GD than IBD (18.9% vs 2.2%; p=0.007), consistent with the GD case-mix. CT and MRI were infrequently documented and typically lacked protocol detail, for instance enterography vs non-specific imaging. In adjusted models, documented lower GI endoscopy was associated with being in the IBD diagnosis group (aOR 2.73; 95% CI 1.14–6.54; p=0.024), while gastroscopy (aOR 0.06; 95% CI 0.006–0.64; p=0.020) and jejunostomy (aOR 0.17; 95% CI 0.04–0.81; p=0.026) were inversely associated. These associations likely reflect diagnostic suspicion and access/documentation rather than causality. Conclusion: Socio-demographics did not distinguish IBD from other

ABSTRACT
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in the first 6 months of life is the most effective way to ensure a child’s survival and optimal development. Despite its benefits, the rates in many countries including Nigeria remain below global targets. This study assessed the knowledge and practice of EBF and identified factors associated with its practice among mothers in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A multi-facility cross-sectional study was conducted among 280 mothers of children aged 6–24 months at three healthcare facilities in Yenagoa. Data were collected over three months using a face to face administered structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed to identify factors associated with EBF practice. Results obtained showed that EBF awareness was high, with 94.6% of respondents having heard of it, and 97.1% correctly defining it. Only 21.7% of mothers practiced EBF for the recommended six months. Key barriers included returning to work (38.2%) and perceived milk inadequacy (31.9%). Statistically significant factors positively associated with EBF practice included breastfeeding on demand (p=0.006), maternal conviction of breast milk adequacy (p=0.0007), work-related support for EBF (p=0.003), and family support for EBF (p=0.017). Conversely, mothers who perceived EBF as exhausting/inconveniencing were significantly less likely to exclusively breastfeed (p=0.0001), as well as those who could afford infant formula (p=0.001). This calls for strategies to address the identified huge EBF knowledge –practice gap through strategies that enhance workplace support for EBF, targeted breastfeeding health education for both mothers and available family members and addressing wrong perceptions that impact negatively on EBF.

ABSTRACT
Open defecation has been a major sanitation and social health issue in most developing countries, especially in the rural populations where there is a low access to better sanitation structures. Among the countries where people engage in open defecation, Nigeria has one of the best population and rural people are most affected as a result of poverty, lack of proper sanitation facilities, and socio-cultural reasons. This paper will give a sociological evaluation of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on open defecation and explore the implication of open defecation on the general health of the rural population in Yobe State, Nigeria. The study was based on a descriptive cross-sectional survey that included the chosen communities in rural areas in Yobe State. The use of observational methods, structured questionnaires, and key informant interview were used to collect data. The research evaluated the degree of knowledge on sanitation and hygiene, attitude on open defecation and sanitation practices of community members. The results show that despite the number of respondents who are aware of the risks of poor health related to open defecation, socio-economic pressures, cultural beliefs, inability to access sanitation facilities, and absence of proper environmental sanitation facilities are the reasons why the practice continues to be common among the respondents. The research also indicates that open defecation is a major contributor to the increased waterborne infections like cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery and typhoid fever in rural populations. Poor sanitation and contaminated water sources make children below five years very susceptible to the diseases. Disposal of human waste in open areas was also noted to be a significant cause of poor health outcomes by environmental pollution. The study highlights the necessity of combined interventions that would target infrastructural and behavioural elements of sanitation. The availability of cheap sanitation facilities

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This study looks at how cancer and mental health are connected. It wants to know how many cancer patients getting chemotherapy are depressed and how it affects them. The researchers looked at patients in three hospitals in Pakistan. They found out that a lot of patients are depressed. Most of them have depression, which is a big problem. The main reasons patients get depressed are because they are in pain all the time they do not have money and they are lonely. Patients usually feel the worst when they are getting chemotherapy. The study shows that depression makes it harder for cancer patients to get better. It makes their life worse they think about hurting themselves. They do not take their medicine like they should. The study says that doctors should always check if cancer patients are depressed and help them with their health. This is important because how patients feel affects how their body recovers from cancer and how well they get better. Cancer patients, like these cancer patients need help with their health so they can get better.

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Systemic ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+ ALCL) is a distinct entity within the spectrum of peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Although relatively uncommon, its diagnosis in clinical practice remains challenging due to its broad histological diversity. The presence of multiple morphological variants frequently leads to diagnostic pitfalls, including misinterpretation or underdiagnosis when relying solely on routine Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained sections. Immunohistochemistry plays a critical role in establishing a definitive diagnosis; however, access to comprehensive antibody panels remains limited in many resource-constrained settings. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the diverse morphological variants and immunophenotypic profiles of ALK+ ALCL. By consolidating current knowledge on histopathological features and essential immunohistochemical markers, this work serves as a detailed reference to support the accurate identification and better understanding of this complex entity in clinical practice.