ABSTRACT
We study in this article the influence of corruption on public debt in the African countries of the CFA zone. To do this, the study method that we adopt is the PMG method over a period 2000-2015. Our results show that corruption has a positive influence on public spending in the long term dynamics while this influence is negative in the short term dynamics.

ABSTRACT
The study aims to identify the innovation and integration of 4Cs in the educational system as the basis for support in the quality of teaching in the 21st century among the respondents in the area of critical thinking, creativity and innovation, communication process, and collaboration. The research employs a descriptive quantitative design because it relates to the study under investigation. It aims to quantify the innovation and integration of 4Cs in the educational system as the basis for support in the quality of teaching in the 21st century among the respondents in the area of critical thinking, creativity and innovation, communication process, and collaboration. Hence, random sampling technique is utilized in the study to represent the entire group of the population as a whole. The goal is to provide samples of the population and representative of the study as far as the number of population is concerned. The participants of the study are professional teachers in the various public and private institutions and are exposed to teaching experiences where they utilized the 4Cs in their teaching process. The study comprised fifty-five (55) respondents only. Results shows that innovation and integration of critical thinking reveal that students allow to think and to solve the problem by providing to boost and self-esteem the student opportunity to express themselves in the learning process and expand their critical thinking through proper demonstration of the right approach to learning that will create student to summarize their own interpretation to what is being taught in their learning process and enhancement, innovation and integration of communication reveal that it provides upliftment and achievement on the academic performance of students information and advancement which leads to their development in the learning process, innovation and integration of creativity reveal that it provides the proper thought and creativity through their imagination and .........

ABSTRACT
The study focused on perception of Ondo State secondary school teachers on need for Peace Education. The sample consisted of two hundred and fifty male and female teachers randomly selected. A self-designed instrument tagged Questionnaire on Perception of Teachers on Need for Peace Education (QPTNPE) was used. The questionnaire consisted of fifteen items that enabled the researcher obtain data needed. Three research questions were generated and the result was tested at 0.05 significance level. The result on analysis of obtained data revealed that secondary school teachers’ perception on need for Peace Education in Nigerian schools was positive. The findings further indicated that there was no significant difference between male and female teachers on need for Peace Education in Nigeria secondary schools. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended that Peace Education should be properly integrated into Nigerian school curriculum and as such should be taught as a separate subject. This will go a long way in developing in the learners the values, attitudes and skills required for the culture of peace at home, school and the entire society at large.

ABSTRACT
Garments are produced in either large or small-scale industries. The situation in Ghana is not different but most of the garments manufactured in Ghana are made by master craftsmen and apprentices. This phenomenon has however, influenced the establishment of countless traditional apprenticeship training centres in the country. Irrespective of the numerous small-scale clothing or fashion industries in Ghana, consumers still rely on the importation of western garments. This is because apprenticeship training in garment has not been fully accorded the necessary attention and recognition as compared to formal training. The study was therefore conducted to examine some challenges facing the traditional apprenticeship training system in dressmaking and tailoring. Qualitative research design was employed and under it, descriptive method was used. Purposive sampling technique facilitated in selecting thirty (30) master craftsmen and apprentices who have spent three consecutive years in the trade within the study area. Questionnaire appeared to be the main instrument for gathering the requisite data for the study. The study reveals that key measures proposed by Past and Current governments for improving the standard of apprenticeship training in the dressmaking and tailoring sector have not been very effective. The absence of universal training modules and monitoring is affecting the industry. A national structured modules and support from higher clothing institutions, among other important factors are recommended for helping improve and sustain the traditional apprenticeship system in the garment production sector.

ABSTRACT
This study explores the empirical effect of grit on innovative work behavior (IWB) mediated by organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). A questionnaire collected research data. The research participant is 230 lecturers in Indonesia selected by accidental sampling. Data analysis uses path analysis supported by descriptive statistics and correlational matrics. The research result indicates that grit significantly affects OCB and IWB. Besides, grit also has an indirectly significant effect on IWB mediated by OCB. Thus, the lecturers’ IWB can improve through grit and OCB. A model regarding the effect of grit on IWB mediated by OCB was confirmed. Therefore, researchers and practitioners can adopt an empirical model to increase IWB through grit and OCB in the future and various fields.

ABSTRACT
Since the middle and late twentieth century, postcolonialism has gradually developed. William Butler Yeats is an Irish national poet spanning the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. His poems have rich images and are very intriguing. This article intends to analyze Yeats’s "Easter in 1916" from the perspective of “others” and “hybridity” from the perspective of postcolonialism, so as to interpret the deep meaning of ethnic relations in Yeats’s poems. This article also discusses the poet’s contradiction toward Ireland. It plays an essential role to research postcolonialism in the poem and contributes to have a deeper understanding of Yeats.

ABSTRACT
In Benin, the national educational system has made outstanding progress in terms of school attendance, but the primary school completion rate still needs to be improved. Furthermore, African educational systems are still facing with various difficulties that prevent them from achieving quality education. Among these difficulties are teachers-related factors. In order to better understand the phenomenon, this paper entitled Analysis of the pedagogical determinants of the academic success of primary school pupils in Sinende highlights the pedagogical characteristics that influence the academic performance of pupils. To this end, data were collected on the basis of a questionnaire and a literature review. In order to achieve the objectives, in addition to the documents reviewed, surveys were conducted among 96 teachers in public primary schools in the commune of Sinende. The results of the study showed that the frequency of evaluations, the academic degree, in-service training, and the category of teachers do not influence school results. On the other hand, the study found a positive relationship between seniority, learning time, professional degree, status and academic performance. The results of this research indicate that academic performance is the result of a number of pedagogical determinants. From the perspective of improving students' school performance, it is important to focus on pedagogical factors that are more relevant in the Beninese context.