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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a complex clinical syndrome that affects the female upper genital tract, including endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, and tubo-ovarian abscesses. Its etiology is predominantly associated with ascending infections, primarily by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, although in our population, the microbiota has been observed to play a significant role. PID can lead to serious complications such as adhesive syndrome, which can be a determinant of infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and ectopic pregnancy. This article reviews the global and Mexican epidemiology, pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, therapeutic approaches, and current preventive strategies, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate treatment to minimize long-term sequelae.

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Background: Endometrial cancer is the sixth most common malignancy in females according to Globocon data 2020 and has been increasing in recent years. Advanced stage, type II sub type, deep myometrial invasion and lymph node (LN) metastasis are Prognostic factors. Radiological imaging such as MRI quite useful for the detection of disease extent, still MR had a 10% false positive rate and a 35% false negative rate. So Surgical staging becomes mandatory to stage the disease for apparently uterine confined endometrial cancer includes TAH + BSO + LN Assessment either with minimally invasive or open technique along with peritoneal fluid cytology. Material And Methods: This study was a prospective observational study which was conducted under Department of Surgical Oncology, Government Rajaji Hospital and Madurai Medical College, Madurai. Non metastatic endometrial cancer FIGO stage IA-III who underwent surgical staging were studied. Thus, total 50 patients were studied. The study was carried out for a period of November 2022 to September 2023. The collected data was compiled in Microsoft Excel 2010. Data describing quantitative measures was expressed as mean, median, mean + SD, standard deviation. Qualitative type of data was expressed as percentage or proportion. Data was analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Programme for Social Sciences) software 21 version, Open Epi Software Version 2.3. Results: A total of 50 patients were enrolled in this study (median age was 58 years, ranging from 30 to 75 years). Mean NLR was 3.5 + 0.8 and 2.1+0.3 in positive and negative cases of lymph node metastasis respectively. And mean PLR was 226.1 + 33.4 and 107.9+41.1 in positive and negative cases of lymph node metastasis respectively. Present study showed that LN metastasis was more frequently observed in patients with Type II tumor (p <0.001), Deep myometrial invasion (p =0.01), Cervical stromal invasion (p = 0.007), lymphovascular invasion (p<0.001), positive washing cytology, ..........

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Introduction: Astigmatism is a common vision disorder that leads to blurred vision due to the inability of the ocular system to form a sharply focused image on the retina. A child with uncorrected astigmatism experiences blur on a continuous basis and also child has a clear retinal image when looking at a near environment. Objective: The objective of this study was to access the prevalence and risk factors associated with Astigmatism in pediatric population. Method: This was a hospital based cross sectional study conducted among 2 to 14 years children with astigmatism of ≥ 1.0 D in either eye. Study conducted from 1st September 2022 to 28th February 2023. Data was entered in Ms-Excel and further analyzed in SPSS Version 12.0. Result: Prevalence of astigmatism was found to be 38.80%. Prevalence in Male was found to be higher 65.20% than in female. Age was found to be statistically significant p = (0.003) with astigmatism. Conclusion: Astigmatism is a common vision disorder that leads to blurred vision due to the inability of the ocular system to form a sharply focused image on the retina. Concerned stakeholder need to screen the problem to minimize preventable blindness in children.

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Background: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) contribute to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, with the global prevalence of diabetes expected to rise to 12.2% by 2045, an increasing number of people are at risk for complications like DFUs, which affect 19% to 34% of diabetic patients. People with DFUs carry a 20% lifetime risk of limb amputation and mortality rate of 50% to 70%. In Tanzania DFUs account for 41.9% of major limb amputations and mortality rate of 54%. Methods: A retrospective observational study aimed to investigate the clinical factors, and treatment modalities that influence the management outcomes of diabetic foot among patients attending Mwananyamala Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH). The study reviewed existing patient records. Results: A total of 143 participants were enrolled in the study, of which 94 (65.73%) were female. The participants had a mean age of 57 ± 13.9 years. And approximately half (50.35%) were married. Nearly, all patients, 140 (97.90%), underwent surgical treatment, nearly half (41.96%) had DFU Wagner Class 3 while most of participants (69.93%) had hypertension. The mean hospital stay was 9.2 days. In binary logistic regression model output, marital status, level of education, working diagnosis, surgical management, patient progress and number of readmissions were identified as determinants of the outcome (P-value < 0.05). Conclusion: This study identified key factors influencing diabetic foot outcomes, including gender, marital status, co-morbidities and ulcer grade. These findings underscore the importance of early diagnosis, targeted interventions, and comprehensive management to improve patient outcomes.

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Background: Diseases of the placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) have become recognized as a serious and potentially fatal condition due to their increasing prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. Determining the risk factors for PAS illnesses has been the subject of extensive investigation. Choosing the best management strategy for PAS diseases requires thought. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the risk factor associated with PAS disorder and observation its management modalities and fetomaternal outcome. Methods: The cross-sectional observatinal study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka from18th January 2020 to 17th July 2020. This study comprised 84 people who had been diagnosed with PAS condition. Patients were divided into three groups based on the management strategy that was employed: Group B (n = 40) had a cesarean section (CS) with cervical inversion and ligation of both uterine arteries; group C (n = 16) had a cesarean hysterectomy with the placenta left in place. The questionnaire was pretested, corrected and finalized. Data were collected by face-to-face interview and analyzed by appropriate computer based programmed software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24. Results: In this study, mean ± SD of age was calculated 32.1 ± 3.3 years for Group – A, 31.7 ± 2.2 years for Group – B and 31.4 ± 1.4 years for Group – C (p-value = 0.415) which explains that there was no significant statistical difference between the groups was observed. About 16 (57.1%), 18 (64.3%) and 3 (18.8%) of them had a parity ≥ 3 in Group-A, Group-B and Group-C respectively. 17 (60.7%) in Group-A and 15 (37.7%) in Group-B of them had ≥2 previous CSs. 9 (31.1%), 11 (27.5%) and 5 (31.3%) of them had previous history of placenta previa in Group-A, Group-B and Group-C respectively. About 8 (25.0%) patients in group-A, 12 (28.6%) in group-B and 6 (55.0%) in group-C had the history of previous ...

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Injection of botulinum toxin type A into both rectus muscles is an alternative to surgery and has given good results in children with infantile esotropia. Reducing the angle of deviation can help restore binocular vision, which in turn will promote motor fusion and allow better control of the strabismus and may even lead to eventual healing. We report the result after 6 months of injection of botulinum toxin in the medial rectus in 6 children with infantile esotropia.

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Colon cancer is among the most prevalent and fatal malignancies and among the most deadly type of tumor in the world. Chemotherapy and surgery are the main choices of treatment for cancer patients. However, Resistance to chemotherapy remains one of the greats challenges mostly for patients with metastatic lesions. This study will provide a comprehensive review of different mechanisms of colon cancer chemotherapy resistance in cancer stem cells including, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), activation of DNA damage checkpoints, hindrance of the over-expression of antiapoptotic regulatory element, the dormant state of colon cancer, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, 5-fluorouracil resistance mechanisms in colon cancer, and the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels will be reviewed. In this paper, the possible mechanisms of chemoresistance in colon cancer are systematically described, which will be beneficial to the further research of chemoresistance in colon cancer.