ABSTRACT
Considering the issue of recurrent apthous ulcers affecting individuals worldwide, knowledge of the significant associating triggering factor is an essential tool, which can be used to figure out the most challenging factor behind that can be further controlled or avoided in an effort to reduce the chance of re occurrence by taking proper precautions. This paper evaluates the association of recurrent apthous ulcers with stress and other possible triggering factors such as Allergy and diet, among individuals in the northern part of Nigeria, represented by 4 states which include, Kano, Zamfara, Maiduguri and Katsina states respectively. Age, occupation, gender, history of re occurrence, site of occurrence in the oral cavity, number, duration of ulcers and nature of healing were highly considered in the study. 75 structured questionnaires were distributed among individuals of both genders, out of which 71 were retrieved and 4 left unanswered. The research methodology uses both correlation and descriptive statistical analysis. Following data analysis, using correlation table, there is weak correlation between Apthous ulcer and stress with .012 covariance. The results were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 VERSION and displayed in the form of Graph and tables. In conclusion, necessary preventive measures were outlined and further research recommendation is suggested in light of creating more awareness about the effects and importance of prevention to be considered by the society.

ABSTRACT
Background: The orbital aperture morphometry can be considered as a valuable tool in gender determination since orbit possesses resistance to damage and disintegration processes. Aim and Objective: The aim and objective of this study was to evaluate the orbital aperture dimensions in nalgonda population and verify their relationship with gender. Materials and Methods: The present retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the morphometric dimensions of orbital aperture seen on digital orthopantomogram taken using PLANMECA digital machine and ROMEXIS software. The height and width of the orbits were measured using measuring tools in the accompanying software. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Results: Linear measurements such as orbital height and orbital width, were significantly greater in males than females in the Nalgonda population with P < 0.001. The present study found 85.6% accuracy after subjecting the obtained value to discriminant function analysis. Conclusion: The discriminant scores greater than 1.5 value indicate the sample as male and scores lesser than 1.5 value indicate the sample as female. Therefore, orbital aperture measurements can be used for gender determination in human identification.

ABSTRACT
Dens invaginatus is a tooth anomaly described by a development of an infolding structure into the root canal. Its treatment is challenging because of the difficulties observed in different types of this malformation. An early diagnosis face to crown morphologic abnormalities is the most effective mean of treatment. This paper focuses on importance of the clinical and radiological examination of Dens invagination and describes different therapeutic approach through several cases.

ABSTRACT
Remaining root dentin thickness plays a key role in the longevity of endodontically treated teeth. Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the root canal wall thickness in the danger zones of mandibular incisors before and after their instrumentation with two different NiTi rotary systems by means of CBCT. Methodology: Thirty lower incisors of patients aged 45 – 55 years underwent primary endodontic treatment with two NiTi files systems: ProTaper Universal and WaveOne Gold. The changes of the root canal thickness in the danger zones of the incisors were investigated by two CBCT scans – one at the beginning of the experiment and the other after the shaping of the root canals. Results: Shaping of the root canals of lower incisors with the two NiTi systems significantly decreased the mesio-distal root dentin thickness in all root canal levels when compared with the baseline values (p≤0.001). NiTi files from both experimental groups removed substantially more root dentin in the coronal portion of the root than in the apical (p<0.05). The intergroup comparison between the two tested NiTi systems revealed no statistically significant difference in their performance at the three observation levels (p>0.05). Conclusions: Both NiTi systems performed equally and removed dentin more aggressively in the coronal portion of the root. Further clinical experiments are necessary to find the minimally invasive endodontic systems for an optimal preservation of root dentin in the danger zones of mandibular incisors.

ABSTRACT
Immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself against infectious diseases. The immune system has developed to protect the host from a continually evolving universe of dangerous bacteria. In addition, the immune system aids the host in the elimination of hazardous substances or allergenic chemicals that enter the body through the mucosal membranes. Autoimmunity is characterised by disruptions in the immune system's control at multiple levels. To avoid the onset of autoimmunity, self-tolerance and discrimination between self and non- self work together. Tolerance is produced and maintained via a combination between negative selection in the thymus, the transcription factor AIRE, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, and dendritic cells. Autoimmune disease occurs when the adaptive immune system pedestals an attack counter to healthy tissue. When the adaptive immune system attacks healthy tissue, autoimmune disease develops.

ABSTRACT
One of the most important contemporary use of Temporary anchorage devices also known as TADS is anterior teeth retraction, most commonly needed in bimaxillary protrusion cases or Class II dentoalveolar cases involving extraction of premolars. This function is performed by providing absolute anchorage by using direct or indirect means depending upon the mechanism used. Various clinicians have adopted different methods and different miniscrew systems for the purpose. The aim of this article is to describe some of these methods for their effective use in enabling this function of providing a powerful anchorage so that orthodontic concern of loosing anchorage in critical cases could be addressed efficiently.

ABSTRACT
Dental and oral disease is a high prevalence in Indonesia 88.8% of the population has dental caries and periodontitis, 93% of children under 12 years of age have dental caries, 67.2% have experienced caries and 43.4% have not been treated. Dental plaque is a soft deposit that is firmly attached to the tooth surface, consisting of microorganisms that cause dental caries. Caries prevention and plaque control can be done by using mouth wash; it will be more effective if you rinse your mouth using herbal mouthwash that contains antioxidants and anti-bacterial. Cocoa Bean Extract (Theobroma Cacao L.) contains secondary metabolites, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids and has anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory properties and has a strong inhibitory effect on S. mutans bacteria. The purpose of the study: to determine the phytochemical content of cocoa beans, determine the effectiveness of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Kill Concentration (KBM) of mouthwash of cocoa bean methanol extract, determine the toxicity of mouthwash of cocoa bean methanol extract, determine the decrease in plaque index before and after gargling with methanol extract of cocoa beans (Theobroma Cacao L.), determine the effectiveness of the pH of the oral cavity before and after gargling methanol extract of cocoa beans (Theobroma Cacao L.). The research method is a laboratory experiment with a post-test only control group design. The research was conducted in the laboratory of the USK Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and the USK FMIPA laboratory in 2022. Dry samples of 1 kg cocoa beans were macerated with 80% methanol for 3x24 hours; the filtrate was evaporated using a rotary evaporator to obtain a thick methanolic extract of cocoa beans. Phytochemical test results of methanol extract of cocoa beans contain compounds, phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Test The average number of colonies of S. mutans ....