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Assessment of Foot Deformity and the Associated Factors among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Out-patients: The Scenario from a Tertiary Health Care Facility in South-Eastern Nigeria

DOI : https://doi.org/10.36349/easjms.2025.v07i11.002
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Background: Diabetes mellitus foot deformities (FD) comprise all the pathological changes in the foot of a person with diabetes mellitus. The current global burden of FD is worrisome and contributes to the global burden of disability and reduction in the quality of life. Objectives: This study evaluated the prevalence, spectrum of foot deformity and the associated risk factors in subjects with type 2 DM. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 98 consenting T2DM subjects at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, South-eastern Nigeria. Relevant socio-demographic, clinical and Diabetic Neuropathy Symptom (DNS) score data were collected using a structured questionnaire and the DNS questionnaire. Clinical evaluations that included detailed foot, anthropometric, blood pressure measurements, biothesiometry, monofilament testing and lower limb doppler ultrasonography were done. Data was analysed using SPSS version 25. Result: A total of 98 T2DM subjects were evaluated and comprised 51% and 49% male and female subjects, respectively, with a mean age of 59.61 ± 11.62 years and mean DM duration of 11.11 ± 8.48 years. A total of 62.2% of the subjects had foot deformity, of which 30.6%, 4.1%, 13.3%, 8.2%, 7.1% and 4.1% had prominent metatarsal head, pes cavus, pes planus, claw toe, hammer toe, and mallet toe, while 11.2%, 4.1%, 9.2%, 4.1%, 2.0%, 43.95, 3.1%, 1.0% and 28.6% of the subjects had hallus rigidus, hallus varus, hallus valgus (bunion), bunionette, Charcot foot, muscle atrophy, disarticulation, amputation and limited joint mobility, respectively. Foot deformity showed significant association with the age of the subjects, educational level, DM duration, glycaemic control, global obesity and presence of neuropathy. Conclusion: The prevalence of FD in T2DM subjects from this study was very high and FD was significantly associated with some modifiable risk factors that included educational level, glycaemic control and glob

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