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Bacterial Ecology and the Impact of Probabilistic Antibiotic Therapy in Recurrent Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia Caused by Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli in Patients on Mechanical Ventilation

DOI : https://doi.org/10.36349/easjacc.2026.v08i03.008
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Introduction: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most common nosocomial infections in intensive care units. Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NGNB), particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are frequently implicated in late-onset and recurrent cases. These infections are associated with repeated antibiotic exposure, the emergence of bacterial resistance, and high mortality. The objective of this study was to describe the bacterial ecology, the appropriateness of probabilistic antibiotic therapy, and the outcomes of patients with recurrent VAP caused by GNNB. Methods: A multicenter retrospective study was conducted in the intensive care units at the Meaux, Jossigny, and Coulommiers sites of the Grand Hôpital de l’Est Francilien. Adult patients with at least three documented episodes of BGNNF-associated PAVM between January 2021 and December 2025 were included. Clinical, microbiological, therapeutic, and clinical course characteristics were analyzed. Results: Among 293 recorded episodes of PAVM with BGNNF, 166 episodes involved 51 patients with at least three infectious episodes. The mean age was 64.5 years, and 67.5% of patients were male. The mean IGS II score was 64 and the mean Charlson score was 7.1. Most PAVMs were late-onset (87.3%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa accounted for 89.1% of isolates. Probabilistic antibiotic therapy was based primarily on piperacillin-tazobactam. It was appropriate in only 50.6% of cases. The 28-day mortality rate was 35.5%. Conclusion: Recurrent BGNNF-associated PAVM occurs in patients who are particularly critically ill and have significant comorbidities. The predominance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the low rate of appropriate probabilistic antibiotic therapy underscore the need to better account for the local epidemiology in order to optimize initial management.

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Professor Thomas Count Dracula, MD, PhD

Distinguished Professor of Haematology Head — Experimental, Historical & Sensory Haematology Vlad the Impaler University, Wolf’s Lane, Wooden Stakes Grove 666, Transylvania.

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