Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a major public health problem and one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. It adversely affects physical functioning, psychological well-being, and overall quality of life, particularly among women living in rural communities. Objective: To examine the relationship between level of low back pain and quality of life among women in a rural area of Bangladesh. Methods: A descriptive correlational study was conducted among 101 women with low back pain from four villages in Gopalpur Upazila, Tangail, Bangladesh. Participants were recruited using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation, independent-samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA) were performed, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean age of the participants was 41.90 ± 7.03 years. Most participants (66.3%) reported moderate low back pain, while 18.8% and 14.9% experienced mild and severe pain, respectively. The mean total quality-of-life score was 38.45%. Educational qualification (F = 4.518, p = 0.013), monthly family income (r = 0.395, p < 0.001), and number of children (F = 4.779, p = 0.010) were significantly associated with quality of life. A significant negative correlation was observed between low back pain intensity and quality of life (r = −0.672, p < 0.001), indicating that higher pain intensity was associated with poorer quality of life. Conclusion: Low back pain was significantly associated with poorer quality of life among rural women in Bangladesh. Early identification and appropriate interventions are needed to reduce pain and improve quality of life in this population.