Objective: This article argues for a reorganization of health systems in Africa, and Cameroon in particular, that brings together biomedical and local knowledge rather than treating them as opposites. Introduction: African health systems remain built on an imported biomedical model grounded in Western positivism and determinism, which prioritizes investment in so-called dominant pathologies. Documentation on the profile of patients currently underserved by the health system reveals conditions such as mystical illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, psychological disorders, home births, HIV/AIDS, epilepsy, tuberculosis, and non-communicable chronic diseases across five major zones of Cameroon. Most patients appear to navigate a system that, in practice, has made no provision for their health problems beyond symptomatic care. Stroke, mystical illnesses arising from failure to honour the last wishes of the deceased, and epilepsy fall within a witchcraft-related register, whereas HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and chronic diseases reveal more material system failures. Methodology: A descriptive and analytical study using a qualitative approach was conducted from January to August 2024 in eighteen health areas spread across the six health districts of the Noun Subdivision (West Region). Data collection combined semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observation with patients, caregivers, health personnel, traditional healers, and health authorities, supplemented by a literature review and a comparison across five major socio-cultural and health zones of Cameroon. Results: Therapeutic pluralism emerges as a structural fact: patients follow multiple therapeutic pathways combining traditional healers, exorcists, religion, and biomedicine. A tripartite typology of causes (natural, individual mystical, and ancestral), identified through the case of Yiémum (or hemiplegia) in the Noun Subdivision recurs in varying forms for epilepsy, malaria, infant malnutrit