Amid educational reforms and increasing cultural diversity, developing preschool teachers’ multicultural education competency is essential to ensuring equitable participation and learning opportunities for young children. Through a systematic literature review and synthesis of research on multicultural education, early childhood learning environments, and the integration of cultural dimensions into early childhood curricula, this paper proposes a multicultural education competency framework for preschool teachers comprising six core components: (1) awareness of and respect for cultural diversity; (2) knowledge of culture, language, family, and community; (3) designing and implementing culturally responsive educational activities; (4) fostering an inclusive and equitable educational environment; (5) collaborating with families and communities; and (6) professional reflection and continuous pedagogical improvement. The paper delineates the core content and observable behavioral indicators of each component, while outlining strategic orientations for competency development through pre-service teacher education, in-service training, and classroom practice. Because this framework was developed on a theoretical basis without expert consultation or empirical validation, further research is warranted to assess its contextual validity and applicability across diverse early childhood education settings.