ABSTRACT
This trial was conducted to assess the agronomic traits and forage dry matter yield of six Pennisetum purpureum grass genotypes in the rift valley of Ethiopia. The experiment was carried out for four consecutive years in randomized complete block design with three replications. Diammonium phosphate (DAP)fertilizer at the rate of 100 kg/ha was uniformly applied at planting and additionally urea at the rate of 50 kg/ha was top dressed after each forage harvesting. Data on plant height, tiller number, dry leaf stem ratio and forage dry matter yield were analyzed using the general linear model procedures of SAS and least significance difference was used for mean comparisons. Combined analysis indicated that the tested genotypes varied significantly (P<0.05) for plant height at harvest, number of tillers per plant, dry leaf stem ratio and forage dry matter yield. Genotype 16788 gave the longest mean plant height while standard check (Zehone-03) gave the shortest value. The highest mean number of tillers per plant was recorded for genotype 14983 followed by 16788, Zehone-03,16808 and 14984 genotypes, respectively while the lowest was recorded for genotype 15743. The highest dry leaf stem ratio was measured from genotype 14983 and Zehone-03 followed by 14984, 15743 and 16808 genotypes, respectively while genotype 16788 gave the lowest value. Genotypes 14983 and 15743 gave the highest herbage yield while the lowest was from genotype 16808 and standard check (Zehone-03). In general, Pennisetum purpureum grass genotypes showed variations in terms of agronomic performance and herbage yield at the study area.

ABSTRACT
Nitrogen is practically inert and largely unreactive, existing mostly in molecular form (N2) in the atmosphere and unsuitable for uptake by living matter. But it is one of the most commonly used practices to increase crop yields throughout the world because of the abundant availability of N fertilizers and their great effectiveness to increase yields compared with other organic fertilizers, such as manure and compost. It is essential to achieve production levels, which enable global food security, without compromising environmental security. Excessive application of N fertilizers in the last several decades, however, has resulted in undesirable consequences of soil and environmental degradations, such as soil acidification, N leaching to the groundwater, and greenhouse gas (N2O) emissions. Crop yields have declined in places where soil acidification is high due to the unavailability of major nutrients and basic cations and the toxic effect of acidic cations. Other disadvantages of excessive N fertilization include increased cost of fertilization, reduced N-use efficiency, and negative impact on human and livestock health. Diffuse pollution, caused by N fertilization in agriculture, has become a global problem that is difficult to solve. Nearly half of N fertilizer input is not used by crops and is lost into the environment via the emission of gases or by polluting water bodies. The N pollution level expected by 2050 is projected to be 150% higher than in 2010, with the agricultural sector accounting for 60% of this increase. So, to reduce these problems globally, understanding of nitrogen cycle and nutrient use efficiency is important.

ABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to characterize brush-tailed porcupine or African atherure (Atherurus africanus) meat trade in the markets of Abidjan District. The study was conducted between February 2021 and January 2022. The data were collected with 46 seller in three markets of Abidjan. These were “Marché Gouro de Yopougon” market (MGY), “marché Gouro d'Adjamé” market (MGA) and “Marché Abobo Gare” market (GA). Visits and interviews were carried out at morning each week. Results showed that all sellers in 3 markets were female and Ivorian (100%). These sellers came from four cultural groups. Akan Group represented more than half of sellers (54%). They were 26%, 44% and 50% higher than Gouro, Krou and Mandé group respectively (P ˂ 0.01). Merchants aged from 18 to 61 years. Sellers aged from 25 to 40 were 54.35%. This rate was 24 and 39% higher than 18-25 and >40 age respectively (P ˂0.01). Unmarried vendors were about 3 times higher than married ones (72% vs 28%; P = 0.01). A rate of 52% of atherure meat traders had never been to school. They were 30% higher than those who completed primary school in Côte d'Ivoire (P ˂ 0.01). They were also 39% more numerous than those who had completed high school and university. Atherure’s trade had generated a turnover of 189 million for 9000 carcasses sold. This meat was the most sold after the grasscutter. None animals were farmed. They were poached. Most of animals (28.4%) came from the forest area of Lôh-Djiboua region.