ABSTRACT
The optimal and appropriate fertilizer recommendation packages for all crops considering the improvement in productivity of small-scale farmers in the country. To evaluate the impact of blended fertilizer on wheat output, a field experiment using a five-treatment, three-replicate RCBD design was carried out during the 2020–2023 cropping season at Bale Highland southeastern Ethiopia to evaluate balanced fertilizer types and validation of soil fertility map-based fertilizer recommendation for Bread Wheat production The treatment 1Control (without fertilizer)2 (100 kg/ha-1 Urea )3 (100 kg /ha-1 NPS plus 100 kg of urea)4(100 kg /ha-1 NPSB plus 100 kg of urea) 5(100 kg /ha-1 NPSZnB plus 100 kg of urea). The plot size was 3m by 3 m (9 m2) and the spacing between plots and blocks was 1m and 1m, respectively in comparison to the control, The application of 100 kg ha-1 NPSZnB + 100 kg ha-1 urea in Bale Highland produced the highest and most significant yields of grains (5257.51 kg ha-1) the least amount of grain (3006.51 kg ha-1) in Bale Highland at the same time. To improve the production of wheat in the study area, farmers in Bale Highland must apply NPSZnB, with a similar agroecology.

ABSTRACT
Soil acidity is a serious land degradation problem and worldwide danger, impacting approximately 50% of the world's arable soils and limiting agricultural yield. Soil acidification is a complicated series of events that lead to the production of acidic soil. In its widest sense, it can be defined as the total of natural and human processes that reduce the pH of soil solutions. Soil acidity affects around 43% of agricultural land in Ethiopia's humid and sub humid highlands. The main objective of this seminar is to highlight different literatures on the concepts of soil acidity and to give a wealth of knowledge on the causes of soil acidity, the effects it has on agricultural production, and management strategies for reducing soil acidity and raising crop yield. Acid soils in western Ethiopia are mostly caused by topsoil erosion caused by heavy rains and high temperatures. This results in the loss of organic matter and the leaching of exchangeable basic cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+). Because ammonium-based fertilizers are easily converted to nitrate and hydrogen ions in the soil, they play a significant role in acidification. One of the reasons of soil acidity is inefficient nitrogen usage, which is followed by alkalinity exports in crops. Soil acidity in Ethiopian highlands is mostly caused by the clearance of crop residues, continuous crop harvest without sufficient fertilization, cation removal, and usage of acid-forming inorganic fertilizers. Acid soil reduces nutrient availability and produces Al and Mn toxicity. In addition to these effects, soil acidity may rapidly degrade soil physicochemical qualities such as organic carbon (OC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil structure, porosity, and texture. Liming, the use of organic materials as ISFM, and the adoption of crop types that are resistant to Al toxicity are all alternatives for correcting acid soils. Liming can minimize toxicity by lowering concentrations, improving the availability of plant ........

ABSTRACT
Soybean [Glycine max L.] is a valuable crop, providing protein, oil, and income for farmers. Despite the significance of crop in study area, there was lack of knowledge on crop and response to B. japonicum. The study was conducted at Maale district of South omo zone southern Ethiopia to investigate the response of soybean varieties to B. japonicum. It was consisted of a factorial combination of seven soybean varieties namely, Awassa-95, Nyala, Nova, Awassa-04, Gozella, Afgat, and Pawe-2 with two levels of inoculation, with and without B. japonicum. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was used. Data were collected on phonological, nodule, growth, yield, and yield related parameters. The analysis of variance showed all measured parameters, except the number of seed pod-1 such as canopy spread, plant height, number of primary branches, number of nodules, number of effective nodules, above ground biomass yield, 1000 seed weight, harvest index, were significantly (p< 0.01) affected by B. japonicum. The interaction of varieties with B.japonicum were also significantly affected the number of pod plant-1 and grain yield ha-1.The maximum grain yield (2017.50 kg ha-1) was recorded from Awasssa-04 with B. japonicum. Based on the economic analysis, Awassa-95, Nova and Nyala variety with B. japonicum gave the higher value of economic return respectively, however, these varieties gave a lower grain yield. Therefore, a combination of Awassa-04 with B.japonicum is ideal for achieving maximum grain yield and Awassa-95, Nova and Nyala with B.japonicum was economically feasible options.

ABSTRACT
This research aimed to evaluate the impact of the FADAMA III Development Project on the productivity and food security of livestock farmers in Abuja, Nigeria. Using a multi-stage sampling approach, which included both purposive as well as simple random sampling techniques, 250 livestock farmers were selected. Primary data were collected and analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics to meet the research objectives. The findings indicated that the average ages of livestock farmers who took part. in the project and the age of those who didn't was 40 and 41, respectively. Approximately 45.8% of participants and 52.3% of non-participants had 10-17 years of farming experience. Additionally, the majority—75.8% of participants and 66.2% of non-participants—had received some level of formal education, which includes elementary to tertiary. Extension agents were crucial, serving as the main source of information about the FADAMA III Development Project for 72% of the participants. Logit regression analysis identified gender, farm size, marital status, association membership, access to inputs, and awareness level as significant factors influencing participation in the project at a 1% significance level. Moreover, the analysis showed that FADAMA III project’s participants exhibited noticeably more productivity than non-participants, with a favorable effect of 234.971 kg/ha at a 1% significance level. Regarding food security, participants experienced lower levels of inadequate access to food compared to non-participants. Lastly, absence of capital was identified as the main challenge for livestock farmers in joining the project. According to the survey, farmers should diversify their sources of income by taking up non-farming endeavors to boost their income and overall productivity.