ABSTRACT
Mushroom contains a number of bioactive compounds that act as antibacterial agents, which can inhibit the pathogenic microorganisms. The antibacterial properties in the mushroom could be an alternative to the existing antibacterial medication. Different types of mushrooms have different bioactive compounds. Thus, the antibacterial properties of different types of mushroom against selected bacteria were tested. The types of mushrooms that were used in this experiment were Agaricus bisporus, Flammulina velutipes, Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus. The mushrooms were extracted by using 95% ethanol. The ethanolic extracts of the four types of mushroom were tested against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli). The antibacterial activity was determined by microdilution assay. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of F. velutipes had the highest inhibitory activity against all tested bacteria while the least active was the ethanolic extract of P. ostreatus. The MIC value for all ethanolic extracts ranged from 500 mg/ml to 1000 mg/ml. It was also found that S. aureus was the most susceptible bacteria when being tested with ethanolic extracts of mushroom. The achieved results showed that the antibacterial activities of ethanolic mushroom extracts depend on the type of mushroom and the type of bacteria tested.

ABSTRACT
Gene expression induced by drought and salt stress. Also, difference genes in different time are induced with different stresses. Plants of Arabidopsis were divided into groups one under salt stress and others are to drought for 6h. Most genes are expression in both leaves and epidermis under both treatments. However, DREB2Awas more highly expression in leaves at control and epidermis at 2h of drought stress as compared with other treatments.

ABSTRACT
total of 200 spats were submitted to two types of diets. One hundred of them were fed on a mixture of Carica papaya (Caricaceae) leaves, Manihot esculenta cassava while the other 100 were fed on feed concentrate.Every month, 20 snails from each batch are taken to the laboratory and to be observed under electron microscope, the various histological sections made in individuals ootestis underwent disinfection and coloring practices. The objective is to determine the sexual maturity age for Limicolaria flammea histologically.After three months, snails fed on concentrate were able to reach this age, while those fed on mixture of leaves and shell reached sexual maturity from six months of age. Note that this sexual maturity is marked by the presence of spermatozoa in the lumen of tubules and the mature oocytes.

ABSTRACT
Globally, due to rapid population growth and continual urban sprawl, average arable land per household is shrinking hence crop diversification is gaining increased importance in the quest for solutions to the perennial food security problems in most of Sub-Saharan countries. This study sought to examine the relationship between crop diversity and costs of farming among the farmers. A cross-sectional descriptive research design was adopted for the study. The target population for the study was small holder farmers with a total population of 26,617, from which a representative sample of 384 participants was drawn using Simple random sampling. Data was generated through secondary and primary data; primary data was collected through designed and administration of questionnaires. Hypothesis were generated and tested. Data was analysed using both descriptive (means, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistics (simple linear regression analysis). All the tests of significance were conducted at α=0.05. The study revealed that crop diversification reduces the labour costs among the small holder farmers in the region, that is; an increase in crop diversification lead to a drop in the total cost of farming among the small holder farmers in Bungoma South Sub-county by 67.2% (as indicated by Standardized Beta coefficient = 0.672). The results are indicative of the importance of crop diversification as ecologically feasible, cost- effective and climate smart agriculture practice in rural smallholder farming systems. Therefore, we recommend wider adoption of diversified cropping systems notably those currently less diversified for resilient and affordable agricultural practise.

ABSTRACT
Natural abundance and biocontrol efficiency of the endoparasitoids O. pallipes and C.parksi was studied in four tomato greenhouses in Alzawia region. O. pallipes recorded two peaks of abundance in all greenhouses, the highest peak recorded ( 7, 5, 7 and 7 individuals/ 50infested leaflets) in greenhouses 1,2,3 and 4 respectively , while the highest average numbers occurred in April in all greenhouses recording (4.5± 2.1 , 3.1± 1.6 , 4.5± 2.2 and 4.5±2.1 individuals/ 50infested leaflets) in greenhouses 1,2,3 and 4 respectively, while percentages of parasitism reached (30.4%, 38.5% , 31.6% and 30.4%) in greenhouses 1,2,3 and 4 respectively. C.parksi recorded two peaks of abundance in all greenhouses, the highest peak recorded ( 8, 7, 7 and 6 individuals/ 50infested leaflets) in greenhouses 1,2,3 and 4 respectively , while the highest average numbers occurred in April in greenhouses 1and 4 recording ( 5.3± 2.1 and 5.2±2.2 individuals/ 50infested leaflets) respectively and in march in greenhouses 2and 3 recording ( 4.1± 1.4 and 4.0±1.4 individuals/ 50infested leaflets) respectively, while percentages of parasitism reached (38.1%, 36.8%, 27.7% and 38.1%) in greenhouses 1,2,3 and 4 respectively.The parasitoids showed high populations in April and May the study that kept the populations of the serpentine leaf miner L.trifolii at low densities till the end of the season in all studied greenhouses

ABSTRACT
The main objective of this research work is to determine the Physicochemical Properties of Sugar Produced from Sugarcane at new Halfa Sugar Factory, Sudan, for season 2017/2018. For this purposes, three types of Sugar products (S1 , S2 , S3) named as ( Dark , Colored and White) at three periods (T1, T2, T3) corresponding to (November , January and March), respectively. the parameters include: Total soluble solids (Brix) using Automatic Digital Refractometer, the sucrose % (Pol) using Automatic digital Polarimeter. Reducing sugars by ICUMSA Method GS1/3/7-3 (2005), Carbonated and sulphated Ash Nitrogen content , Moisture content, Viscosity and pH values. The results revealed that, the average levels of Total Soluble Solids (TSS), Sucrose, Sweetness, Reducing sugars, were 99.7%, 98.45%, 98.68%, 0.185%,respectively, Traces of ash were found in sugar samples, they did not exceed 0.04. Moreover, the Nitrogen content not exceeding 0.15 in sugar samples, The colour ranged between 288 , 240 and 65 (IU) for the dark , colored and white sugar respectively, the relative viscosity is ranged between 0.810 – 0.908. The kinematic (absolute) viscosity of the sugar solutions ranged between 1.804 and 1.908, the pH values of the sugar solution were found to be in the range of 6.90-6.99, and the moisture content is ranged between 0.16 – 0.23% for the three samples of sugar.

ABSTRACT
Saanen goats were imported to Sudan from Netherlands, during the years 2004 and 2006, in order to improve milk yield by crossing with local breeds. Animals were kept in Khartoum state for adaptation and breeding in intensive management system. Data from 440 records of performance of imported and locally born Saanen during the years 2004,2005,2006,2007 and 2008 were studied for total milk yield, lactation length, daily milk yield, birth weight and litter size. The data was rearranged to investigate the effect of place of birth and rearing (imported and local born). The study revealed that the imported Saanen does had lower total milk yield and significantly (P<0.01) shorter lactation length than the Saanen does born locally. On the other hand the locally born Saanen had significantly (p<0.01) lower average daily milk yield, litter size and kids birth weight than those of the imported Saanen does. Total milk yield was significantly (P<0.01) and positively correlated with lactation length and the average daily milk yield. The birth weight was negatively correlated (P<0.01) with both lactation length and litter size. But it showed positive correlation with the average daily milk yield. Both milk yield and lactation length tended to increase from the 1st up to the 6th parity.