ABSTRACT
Abstract: A survey was conducted in the localities of Lara, Boboyo and Midjivin, subdivision of Kaele, Division of Mayo-Kani, Far North Region, to determine the impact of the exploitation of mountain resources on the dynamics of their vegetation and sustainable peasant management of the phytodiversity of these hills. Interviews were conducted with 600 people including farmers, forest and wildlife managers, and environment and nature protection officers. The spatio-temporal dynamics of the landscapes around the mountain vegetation were studied from the diachronic analysis of three Landsat TM satellite images of 1988, Landsat ETM + 2003 and Landsat OLI_TIRS of 2018, supplemented by verification missions on field. According to surveys, it should be noted that fuel wood collection for energy with 38.5% in Lara, 35.5% in Midjivin and 33.5% in Boboyo; timber (34.67%), fruit (15.50%) and gravel (13.50%) were the main anthropogenic activities responsible for deforestation and degradation of the mountains vegetation. For biodiversity management measures, 41.16% of the population advocates the use of natural resources. The most population 44% in Boboyo, 40% in Lara and 39.5% in Midjivin recommend the creation of sacred forests for conservation of biodiversity, monitoring awareness of the population and sustainable exploitation of natural resources. The most used vegetable species as wood energy are Combretum collinum (80.82 ± 6.80), Terminalia brownii (73.59 ± 12.82), Anogeisus leiocarpus (59.79 ± 0.97), Combretum glutinosum (58.44 ± 2.10), Ficus abutilifolia (42.60 ± 2.37). The analysis of landsat satellite land-use images demonstrates and appropriately confirms the decline in vegetation cover over the years. The wooded savanna increases from 232,025 ha in 1988 to 232.025 ha in 2003 and to 170.4 ha in 2018 on Lara hill; from 101.33 ha in 1988 to 59.50 ha in 2003 and 25.44 ha in 2018 on Boboyo Hill; the wooded savannah rose from 210.00 ha in 1988 to 148.61 ha in 2003 and 125.

ABSTRACT
Soft drink consumption has become a highly visible and controversial public health and public policy issue. Soft drinks are viewed by many as a major contributor to obesity and related health problems. Descriptive cross-sectional institutional study conducted to assess consumption pattern of soft drink and their effect on the health of students studying in Sudan International University at Al-Azhary area in Khartoum state during the period from 20/2/2018 to 12/3/2019, 318 of students were participated in this study selected by systematic random sampling; data was collected by self-administrated questionnaire The results revealed that 95.6% of the students consumed soft drinks .32.7% preferred to drink Pepsi from the other types of soft drinks, 34.9% consumed soft drinks after meal, 22.4% consumed <500ml/day, (38.8%) of the students did not read the ingredient labeled in soft drink, (73%) of students preferred the regular soft drinks rather than diet ones and 44.7% of the students selected their favorite soft drink according to their taste. Common health effects of soft drinks among the students were dental Health problems and Obesity (17.6%), Significant relationship was found between the amount of soft drink and health problems that found among the students P= (0.034). The study concluded that students were not fully aware by the health hazards and harmful effect of soft drinks and need nutrition and health education to change their behavior towards soft drinks.

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This review aim to covers the toxicity impact of chemical Pesticides, Mechanism of action, its ecological risk impact on plant, soil, animals, water air and microorganisms. Pesticides are chemical substance designed to kill or retard the growth of pests that damage or interfere with the growth of crops, shrubs, trees, timber and other vegetation desired by humans. Practically all chemical pesticides, however, are poisons and pose long-term danger to the environment and humans through their persistence in nature or body tissue. Synthetic pesticides increases heavy metals in the soil which is then transferred to plant, consumed by human and thereby accumulate in the food chain since they are not biodegradable. Most of the pesticides are non-specific and may kill life forms that are harmless or useful. Exposure occurs through ingestion of food and water as well as skin respiratory absorption. Pesticides can contaminate soil, water, turf, and other vegetation and cause harm to animals and humans. In addition to killing insects or weeds, pesticides can be toxic to a host of other organisms including birds, fish, beneficial insects, and non-target plants. Exposure to chemical pesticides can lead to Asthma, Birth Defects, Neurological Effects, Cancer and Hormone Disruptions. Effects of pesticides on soil micro-organisms can cause a ripple effect that can last for years. Microorganisms are essential to healthy soil. Unfortunately, many pesticides can kill more than just their intended targets, namely the necessary microorganisms in the soil. Pesticides are found as common contaminants in soil, air, water and on non-target organisms in our urban landscapes. Pesticides can reach surface water and ground water through runoff from treated plants and soil. Contamination of water by pesticides is widespread.

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This thesis mains focus on current situation of the PM2.5 pollution,the content of pollutants,the change of the content of PM2.5.Firstly,I use three cubic spline interpolation method to simulate a set of missing data with MATLAB,according to the data of the content of PM2.5 of Beijing in 2015 March.Secondly,I further analyze the degree of PM2.5 pollution with the quality standard of Chinese air pollution degree index system,On the basic of previous data.The results shows that contamination index of the selected data is severe pollution.Finally,I find The wind speed,Temperature and Rainfall are main factor influencing the content of PM2.5 according to detailed analysis on factors influencing PM2.5.Furthermore Vehicle exhaust emissions,The increase use of coal,High emission in high emission enterprises also the factors influencing haze.

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Fruit rot of grape caused by Alternaria tenuis was found to be resistant to Aureofungin. Micronutrients viz.Bo, Co, Cu, Fe, Mb, Mg, Mn and Zn individually and mixture with Aureofungin were tested both in vitro and in vivo against resistant mutant of Alternaria tenuis. Results showed that individually PCE was higher in Zn, Bo, Co, Cu, Fe andMnon plates when compared with aureofungin at 100 µg/ml. Use of aureofungin in mixture with micronutrients, all micronutrients showed higher PCE.

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Buffer zone regimes (BZRs) enhance protection of forests in the world. For instance, they influence protection of about 50% in Latin America 30% in Sub-Saharan Africa and 63% in temperate countries. In Kenya, Nyayo Tea Zone (NTZ) was established as a BZR around all gazetted forests in early 1980’s. In areas where soils were not ideal for tea, Exotic Tree Plantations (ETP) was established. In spite of BZR in Kakamega forest, some section of BZR remains Open Edge (OE) probably because TEA and ETP did not thrive or as a result of poor management. In the past the trees that were abundant in Kakamega forest currently, remained threatened and some species rare possibly due to exploitation. However, studies on the influence of BZR (OE, ETP, and NTZ) area on tree species richness remain unknown in Kakamega forest. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the influence of BZRs area on tree species richness. Study population was unknown. Cross- sectional descriptive research design was employed. Saturated sampling was used to sample at least 40 humanly accessible along a string placed 100m from forest edge area interior gradient as it was assumed to be most disturbed area. OE acted as a control site assuming all the forest conditions were similar. A tape measure was adjusted along the string for identified plots. Study sites were located using hand held GPS. Trees were identified visually and counted. There was assumption of sources of errors for failure to come up with regular squares. Simple linear regression was used to assess the influence of BZRs (OE, ETP, and NTZ) area and the protected tree species richness. Results showed that NTZ 93% (r2=0.93, p = 0.000), ETP 82% (r2=0.82, p = 0.000) as compared to those in OE 68 % (r2 = 0.68, p = 0.000). The results implied that both NTZ and ETP were better supporting protection of the higher number of tree species richness as compared to OE.The study concluded that BZRs (OE, ETP and NTZ) area influenced tree species r

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Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Hemiptera,Thaumastocoridae) and Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera, Psylloidea), are eucalyptus pest native to Australia. They were also detected within the main European and North African infested areas. This study, carried out in CRSN/Lwiro, Kabare, South Kivu in eastern of the DRC, aimed to assess the origins and the seasonal incidences of eucalyptus dieback during the two consecutive years 2015 and 2016 dry (March to August or Season B) and rainy seasons (September to February or Season A). Two species are responsible of eucalyptus dieback in CRSN/Lwiro of hemiptera order, Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero & Dellapé in Thaumastocoridae family and Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (1964) in Psyllidae family were captured and identified. The number of healthy eucalyptus is very high during the rainy season and the attack of the insect is very high in the dry season and the infested plants and relative abundance of eucalyptus are very high during dry season to compare to rainy period. Near future activity should focus on the question whether the parasitoid and eucalyptus species strength to G. brimblecombei, T. peregrinus are already present in DRC or should be introduced.

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The purpose of this paper was to produce composite biscuits from a blend of wheat, desiccated coconut and cinnamon flour. The coconut and cinnamon were used as composite with wheat flour at 30%, and 50%. The biscuits were analyzed for proximate and sensory attributes. The result of the proximate analysis of the biscuits showed increased percentage content of fat (25.81-46.16%), moisture (0.99 -6.41%) and ash (1.86 -2.46%). However, carbohydrate and proteins content decreased from (66.86 -49.98%) and (1.09-0.35%) respectively. The control sample was significantly (p<0.05) different from the other samples produced. The biscuit sample B comprising 80% wheat flour, 5% cinnamon powder and 15% coconut flour was highly accepted by consumers.