ABSTRACT
The repellent activity of terpinolene and its effects on antioxidant, neurotransmitter and detoxifying enzymes of Rhyzopertha dominica was evaluated under laboratory condition. The terpinolene was made into 2% concentration and 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0ml dosages were made from it and replicated five times. The repellent activity of the compound was carried out by placing two a filter paper that have been divided into two equal parts into a Petri-dishes with one side been treated with the compound. The activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, AChE, CarEST and GST was determined in the larvae of the insect. The result showed that, only 1.0 ml dosage and the positive control achieved 100% repellency at 0-1 h and were significantly different from other treatments. The activity of SOD decreases with increase in dosage of the compound. The lowest SOD (0.29 µmol/min/ml) was recorded by the positive control but was not significantly different from the 1.0 ml dosage of the compound. CAT activity significantly reduced at higher dosage, while the positive control recorded the lowest CAT activity. GPx activity increased increased dosage. AChE activity decreased with increase in the compound dosage. DDVP recorded the lowest AChE activity 0.25 µmol/min/ml. CarEST and GST activities increased with increase dosage of 0.6 ml and drastically reduced at 0.8 and 1.0 ml of the compound. Terpinolene compound proven insecticidal and could be formulated to target SOD and AChE enzymes having shown significant effects on them. Thus, this could be the mode of action of the compound.

ABSTRACT
The study evaluated the toxicity of aqueous extracts of Ricinus communis leaf on the juveniles of Heteroclarias, with mean weight 24.00 ± 0.25 g. Fish were exposed to varying concentrations of C (0.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0., 5.0 and 6.0 g/l), in a static bio-assay procedure for 96 hours. The 96 hours LC50 values were calculated at 4.37 g/l. Results indicated varying concentrations of R. communis resulted in different pathological alterations in the juveniles of Heteroclarias. Behavioural responses observed in experimental fish includes; erratic swimming, twitching, gaping, mucous discharge, skin discoloration and death. These responses and mortalities were significantly different (P˂0.05) in treatments with increasing concentration of R. communis when compared with the control. Experimental water showed increase in temperature (°C), pH and conductivity (µS/cm) with increase in test ingredient concentration while reverse was the case with dissolved oxygen (mg/l). Histolopathological assay of gills, liver and kidney, revealed different alterations in architecture, fragmentation and haemorrhage of gill filaments, fusion of the primary and secondary lamellae. Liver showed congestion of hepatic veins and foci hepatocellular degeneration while kidney revealed congestion of the renal artery, inflammation of the renal tubules, haematopoietic cells and nephrons, hyperplasia of the glomerular vessels, pyknotic nephrons and degenerated renal corpuscle.

ABSTRACT
Chilli pepper, Capsicum frutescens (L.) (whole and powder) was evaluated for their insecticidal activities against the bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus to prevent loss of cowpea in storage. There were eight treatments (1.0g, 2.0g and 3.0g of chilli pepper powder, 1.0g, 2.0g and 3.0g of whole fruit of chilli pepper, actellic dust 2% and no protectant control) in five replications laid-out in complete randomized design. 200g of cowpea seeds were admixed with each of the treatments for their efficacy against oviposition, damage and weight loss to Callosobruchus maculatus. Percentage germination and proximate composition were also tested after storing seeds for periods ranging between 38 days and 4 months. Results revealed that chilli pepper powder and whole fruits at all levels reduced to its barest minimum the number of eggs laid or hatched by Callosobruchus maculatus preventing adult emergence and survival at 38 days after infestation, weight loss after 4 months and increased percentage germination as compared to control (60.0±0.0 and 40.0±0.0). Chilli pepper had significant influence on proximate composition as treated cowpea retained their nutrient after four months of storage. 3.0g chilli pepper powder was observed to be very effective than other treatments and control.