ABSTRACT
Bacteria are the most numerous group of organisms. Most of these unicellular organisms are necessary for maintaining the life of other macroorganisms on Earth. These bacteria were essential in biological evolution, and today they are the basis of every food chain in nature. They are present in soil and water. Other bacteria are members of the physiological flora of humans and animals (they live on the skin, in the oral and nasal mucosa, intestines, lower part of the female reproductive system), perform desirable chemical processes and are used in various economic activities. Of the 1,500 described species of bacteria, only about a hundred species are human pathogens.

ABSTRACT
Cotton is one of the most important cash crops in Ethiopia and plays a significant role in the agricultural and textile industrial development of the country’s economy. However, the progress in cotton production and productivity in rain-fed environments has been impeded by the absence of improved varieties and inadequate management practices. Presently, there are no recommended cotton varieties specifically tailored for rain-fed environments in northwestern Ethiopia, an area that is largely conducive to cotton cultivation. Interestingly, some investors have chosen to cultivate genotypes that have been recommended for irrigation purposes, particularly within the central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. In the current investigation, an assessment was conducted on various cotton varieties in order to determine their quantitative traits during the primary cultivation period of 2017 and 2018 at Pawe Agricultural Research Centre. The objective of the experiment was to assess seven cotton genotypes using a randomized complete block design, with the aim of identifying genotypes that are highly adaptable and possess high-yielding characteristics. The statistical analysis of variance demonstrated a significant distinction among the traits that were examined. Within this study, the most productive genotypes were identified as Werer-05 and Candia, with yields of 1722.19 kg/ha and 1617.41 kg/ha, respectively. The observed variations in the characteristics of the various cotton varieties indicate the presence of diversity, which holds significant implications for future cotton breeding.

ABSTRACT
Only recently microbial impurity of beach sand has become an essential issue, particularly during the COVID-19 and in the post-Covid period when a large number of beachgoers are infected not only by the virus but also with other microbes. Besides the bacterial and viral microbes, fungal contamination of beach sand has also been studied in detail in the recent past. Although few Candida spp. have been isolated from the beach sand, the growths of common pathogenic Candida spp. like Candida albicans has not been studied so far. In this study, we used two species of pathogenic Candida – Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis to observe their growth patterns in sea sand. Growths of both species were inhibited in sea sand. It eliminates the possibility of long survival of these species in sea sand and thus their existence mainly appears as surface contamination.