ABSTRACT
In Ethiopia five Eucalyptus species were adopt wide area and Eucalyptus camaldulensisi more dominant in low land and middle land area and economically very important. This leads to farmers converted portion of their farmland to Eucalyptus camaldulensis woodlots. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of E. camaldulensis woodlot on the soil properties and teff (Erogrsticteff) yields on an adjacent cropland. A plot of 2m x 1.5m area was laid down inside plantation (assumed zero m), at one, three, six, nine and20 m distances away from the E. camaldulensis woodlot in to the adjacent cropland. This was replicated on three farmlands. Teff was grown on the plots and the yield, height, and biomass of teff were measured and thirty six soil samples were collected from experimental field. The soil bulk density (p<0.01), soil moisture (p<0.001), SOC (p < 0.05), avail P (p < 0.01) and avail K (p < 0.01) were significantly varied with distance. The yield and height of teff were significantly (p< 0.01) affected by distance from the woodlot. Moreover, mean soil total N at three meter, avail P from one meter to six meter, avail K after nine meter, yield and biomass of teff up to six meter were reduced. The yield reduction of teff could be attributed to the soil moisture and soil nutrient competition between the Eucalyptus woodlot and teff. In this study we had concluded that E. Camaldulensis wood lot has effect on teff production up to six- meter distance from the woodlot and adjacent crop were recommended after Six meter.

ABSTRACT
Antibiotic discovery continue to play a critical role in disease containment. Misuse and overuse of these drugs are the main drivers in the development of drug resistant pathogens. The World Health Organisation has declared that Antimicrobial resistance is one of the top 10 global public health threats facing humanity. There is the fears that if nothing is done, it might end the antibiotic era soon. In 2017 alone, over 9000 human deaths were caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the USA. The ability of bacteria to develop newer strategies to acquire and disseminate resistance, can be traced as far back to 1940s when (R-factor) plasmid mediated antibiotic resistance was observed. They become resistant via the production of 𝛽-Lactamases and ESBLs enzymes which inactivate or modify antibiotics. Extended Spectrum 𝛽-Lactamases are enzymes whose rates of hydrolysis of the extended-spectrum 𝛽-Lactam antibiotics are >10 % than that for benzylpenicillin. Some bacteria may produce multiple ß-lactamases, which may reduce the effectiveness of ß-lactam/ ß-lactamase inhibitor combinations. These enzymes are susceptible to inhibition by 𝛽-Lactam inhibitors such as clavulanic acid, tazobactam, or sulbactam but have no hydrolytic activity against cephamycins and carbapenems. The production of acquired 𝛽-Lactamase and ESBL makes the choice of antibiotic treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria very limited, these have been the major causes of treatment failures, outbreaks of both community and hospital acquired infections, surgical failures, long hospital stay and huge economic losses, which continue to claim uncountable lives, especially in Nigeria and Africa where the health system are weak. The emergence of drug resistannt strains may be minimized by maintaining high levels of the drug in the tissues to inhibit mutants, administering two drugs that do not give cross-resistance, and by limiting the use of valuable second line ‘reserve drugs’ such .....