ABSTRACT
Emerging evidence over the past decades has elucidated the complex interplay between oral health and systemic diseases, highlighting periodontal disease as a pivotal contributor to a range of chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and neurodegenerative disorders. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms linking oral and systemic health, including chronic inflammation, microbial translocation, and biomarker expression. It further explores the diagnostic potential of salivary biomarkers and advances in non-invasive technologies, emphasizing their roles in early detection and disease monitoring. The importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between dental and medical professionals, integrated health records, and addressing healthcare disparities are discussed to improve patient outcomes. Challenges such as confounding factors, limited longitudinal studies, and gaps in establishing causality are acknowledged. Finally, future directions focusing on artificial intelligence, precision diagnostics, and policy integration are proposed to strengthen the oral–systemic healthcare paradigm.

ABSTRACT
The integration of artificial intelligence with digital dentistry represents a transformative shift in contemporary oral healthcare. Over the past two decades, digital technologies such as intraoral scanning, cone-beam computed tomography, computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing, and 3D printing have revolutionized diagnostics, treatment planning, and prosthetic fabrication. Parallel advancements in AI, particularly machine learning and deep learning, have expanded dentistry’s potential for enhanced diagnostic precision, predictive analytics, and personalized care. This review provides a comprehensive overview of AI applications across major dental specialties, including caries detection, orthodontic planning, prosthodontic design, implantology, endodontics, periodontology, and forensic odontology. Further, the paper highlights synergies between AI and digital workflows such as intraoral scanning, 3D printing, and tele-dentistry, underscoring their role in improving efficiency, reducing chairside time, and enhancing patient outcomes. While AI offers significant benefits, challenges related to data privacy, standardization, accessibility, and clinician acceptance remain barriers to widespread adoption. Future directions emphasize integration with robotics, predictive analytics, cloud-based platforms, and robust ethical frameworks to ensure equitable, evidence-based practice. Collectively, AI is poised to serve as a collaborative partner in dentistry, augmenting clinician expertise and driving the transition toward a predictive, preventive, and patient-centered model of care.

ABSTRACT
Teeth periodontitis is an infectious disease leading to loosening of surrounding supporting structures, these surrounding tissues are connected to pulp tissue through apical foramen. The aim of this study is to evaluate the pulp health status clinically using pulse oximeter in sound periodontally compromised teeth. Sixty teeth are the experiments were divided into 3 groups, 20 teeth for each group as follows: moderate periodontitis, severe periodontitis and advanced periodontitis. The Pulp oxygen saturation level was 86.7, 84.2 and 78,8 moderate periodontitis, severe periodontitis and advanced periodontitis respectively. According to these results there is a direct proportion between decreased oxygen saturation level of pulp tissue and the severity of periodontitis.