ABSTRACT
This study examines the creation of motivational profiles that can help obtain a better understanding of preservice technical teachers. Cluster analysis has been used as the data collection method. The study involved 377 participants. The results obtained show four distinctive types of motivational profiles among preservice teachers: those without vocation, those with a naive motivation, those with non-school vocation and those with school vocation. The results indicate that efforts need to be concentrated on stimulating preservice teachers or prospective teachers on the specific variables that are relevant according to their profile and to ensure that the most motivated maintain the necessary drive to take advantage of the training opportunities that they are offered.

ABSTRACT
By the late 1980s the Cameroon economy like most of her African contemporaries was encumbered by an economic crises that undermined the power of the state to decide on the functioning of the power of demand and supply let alone the operation of the factors of production. The toll of this economic meltdown was enormous on the local folks moreso because the government which had heitherto be the sole determinant of employment and working conditions was forced to reschedule its activities to meet a new norm. The pressure for this reforms took many forms and top among them was the condition for Loans and take off measures imposed by International Monatry Fund (IMF) on States to reduce public spending through a broad based programme of privitisation. The problem with privitaisation is not even that incomes/salaries and working conditions were now going to be determined by the new empployer under the labout office abitration but rather that legality /justice was tampered with both by the state and the privitisation contracting parties leaving the labourers at the mercy of circumstances. Was it therefore the absence/limitations of laws that was responsible for the plight of the labourers caugght up by the privitisation programme or the unwillingness of the state and its contracting parties to recourse to legislation that placed the workers and these newly privitised enterprises in a precarious balance? This the intriguing central question which this article summonds existing laws and evidential material to answer.Informed by this data, the paper argues the responsibility of the labourers plight lies on the state and the contracting parties who have advetendly failed to use the existing legislation to protect the labourers during the switch of ownership. With the consciousness of the common Law and OHADA stipulations on labour fundamentally spelt out on labour and cmapany laws,the papar make bold to submit that it is not the absence of legislation that is the problem b

ABSTRACT
Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim This paper is intended to examine the causes of ethno- religious crisis in Nigeria and its remedy from Islamic perspectives. It needs no emphasis to state that since independence in 1960, Nigerians have suffered diverse incidences of communal crises in almost all parts of the country. The contemporary situation is even worse over that which prevailed two decades ago. The origin of these crises lie in the fact that the non-Muslims on one hand, justify the rise of ethnicity among their people and see it as an instrument not only of expressing group identity, but also of pursuing common interest and power in a plural society such as Nigeria. The Muslims on the other hand are being criticized for reviving Shari’ah and representing Islam as the basis of political unity and social justice among the different Muslim communities and indeed the country at large. Several violent demonstrations were organized by the non-Muslims against Shari'ah since 1999 when it was formally revived by Zamfara State Government. The establishment of ethnic associations such as ‘Afenifere’, ‘Ohaneze’ and ‘Arewa Consultative Forum’ also contributed in severing the peaceful co-existence of the diverse ethnic and religious groups.

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Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that can cause diseases such as colds, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and a new type of coronavirus has been discovered after it was identified as a cause of the spread of one of the diseases that began in China in 2019 And the virus is now known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona 2 (SARS Cove 2), through follow-up, scrutiny and spatial and temporal analysis of infections in Iraq, it was found that there is a nearby focus in which the epidemic (Iran) spread and was transmitted to Iraq by infected carriers without their knowledge of the lack of The presence of any Prior knowledge or information about this epidemic at the time. These are the Iraqi tourists who were receiving treatment for other diseases in Iran and then returned home, as well as the transmission of the epidemic by some Iranian students who came during the spread of the epidemic.

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As a common phenomenon in today's society, gift-giving plays a vital role in people's life and daily communication. And it has become a global social etiquette. Meanwhile, as a basic but important need of human beings, face is frequently used by people in daily life, especially in gift etiquette, and face is precisely an aspect of gift etiquette, which can’t be ignored. In order to avoid face-threatening behavior in intercultural gift etiquette, we have to understand and be familiar with the differences of face among people who have different culture background. Although domestic and foreign scholars have done a positive research on gift etiquette, the research from the perspective of face theory still has a great space and needs further study. In this paper, Brown & Levinson's face theory is applied to analyze Chinese and Western gift etiquette and this thesis also tries to explore the cultural factors that cause the differences through some examples. This thesis will not only help us better understand the face theory, but also render us a helping hand in finding strategies of avoiding Face Threatening Acts, and promote interpersonal communication, especially benefit to intercultural communication.

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The paper examined value-added education and Nigeria sustainability. A country can hardly achieve a meaningful development without a committed investment in her human capital through education. However, education with only paper knowledge, without values and creative minds, is worthless. The present traditional education, inherited from Nigerian colonial masters, seems to have failed to fulfill the purpose for which it is established. The paper stresses the importance of value-added education to take its place in the present day Nigeria. To guide the study, two hypotheses were formulated. Descriptive research design of the survey type was adopted for the study. All the stakeholders in education in Ondo State formed the population for the study. The sample was made up of two hundred (200) respondents, selected through a purposive sampling technique. The instrument for the study was a self-constructed questionnaire titled “People Perception of the Value-Added Education and Sustainability in Nigeria Questionnaire (PPVESQ)”. It had a reliability coefficient of 0.76. Data collected were analyzed using t-test and Pearson Product Moment Correlation statistics. Results of the study showed that: (i) there was a significant relationship between value-added education and Nigeria sustainability (r=0.734; p<0.05). (ii) There was no significant difference in criminality between educated and non-educated Nigerian youths (tcal=1.25; p>0.05). It was concluded that value education is quite germane to sustainability in Nigeria. It was recommended that, value-added education is given a priority in Nigeria, to produce graduates who, apart from being self-reliant would be able to contribute to the growth and development of the country.

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The rapid developments in information and technology necessitate teachers to develop and renew themselves, especially IT teachers. In this context, it is considered important to know the individual innovation levels of future IT teachers. The aim of this study is to reveal the individual innovation levels of prospective IT teachers and to determine whether individual innovation levels change according to their academic success. The study was conducted on 162 prospective teachers in 2018 at Necmettin Erbakan University Ahmet Keleşoğlu Faculty of Education Computer Education and Instructional Technologies Department. According to the results of the research, it was determined that the pre-service teachers were in the “early adopters” category. While there was no significant difference between the levels of individual innovation according to the academic achievement levels of the prospective teachers, it was found that those who had high academic achievement in technical courses were more innovative than those who were low.

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Le Cameroun est l'un des pays où les femmes ne sont pas motivées à contribuer dans le domaine politique. En fait, selon l'institut national des statistiques, les femmes constituent 52 pour cent de la population et elles jouent dans la société un rôle crucial qui peut favoriser le développement. Malheureusement, elles sont considérées comme des mères dont le rôle principal est de cuisiner et de prendre soin des enfants. Dans notre société, elles fonctionnent comme des subordonnées des hommes. L'autonomisation des femmes est actuellement une question d'intérêt national et les efforts des États pour intégrer les femmes dans le développement ont jusqu'à présent produit des résultats mitigés. La vision de ce document est de contribuer au renforcement de la démocratie dans notre pays en aidant les femmes à jouir pleinement de leurs droits politiques et civils. Cet article vise à renforcer la participation et les performances de toutes les femmes camerounaises dans le processus électoral et la gouvernance de notre pays.

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The Paper highlights the evolution, impact, internatinalisation, India’s education and future.

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Background: Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is one of the modern tools used to assess students’ clinical competencies. The scoring systems for OSCEs vary widely, which may influence the reliability of this assessment tool. Both checklists and global rating scales (GRS) are widely used as scoring methods for student performance in the OSCE. Objective: To compare a task-specific checklist and end exam GRS in the scoring of OSCE for the evaluation of sixth year medical students in surgery at Shendi University in 2017 and 2018. Methodology: This cross-sectional study compared a task-specific checklist and end exam GRS scores in the OSCE for the evaluation of sixth year medical students in general surgery at the Faculty of Medicine of Shendi University over two consecutive years (2017 and 2018).The results from six stations were analyzed, three from each year. SPSS was used for data analysis. Cronbach’s alpha was used to assess OSCE reliability and Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to identify correlations between the scoring methods. Results: The reliability of both scoring methods was 0.60 across all stations. The majority of students scored B or above (61%) when using the checklist while 46.5% scored B or above when the GRS was used. Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients (ρ) between checklist scores and GRS scores for the six stations ranged between 0.63 and0.88, and these correlations were found to be statistically significant (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The OSCE is a feasible and reliable approach for assessment of the clinical competence of undergraduate medical students. There was a strong correlation between the two scoring systems (checklist and GRS). Based on the results of this study, both ways of scoring the OSCE are considered acceptable.

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With the development of multimedia technology, audio materials are widely used in language learning. In recent years, the study of foreign journals is becoming more and more popular, and related books and software programs emerged in large numbers. This paper elaborates the validity of audio materials in the university students’ English publication study, which shows that the learning of audio materials can not only improve the input and output of language more effectively, but also help to improve students' autonomous learning ability and interests in English learning.

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This paper examined the National School Health Programme (NSHP) and the National Policy on Education (NPE) for special needs children in Nigeria. Special needs children are also known as exceptional children. There seems to be a continuous stagnancy in the implementation of these programme and policy. Most children with special needs have not really benefited and are still a burden to their parents and the society at large. This was attributed to political issues, ignorance, corruption, poverty and cultural beliefs of the people. It was therefore concluded that what Nigeria needs now is the strongest political will at every level of governance to put things right. To improve the plight of exceptional children in Nigeria for a better healthy and enhanced meaningful living; it was also recommended among others that parents, teachers and community as a whole should explore, identify and obtain needed support and services that will enhance the well being and capacity of exceptional children for independence and inclusion in their communities.

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Many discussions about religious tolerance and humanitarian empathy in the world are of concern to the authors to examine the scientific impact of both attitudes on students in the campus environment as activists and agents of change in the future. The results of this study are expected to become a new rationale for determining strategic steps and appropriate solutions in handling cases of tolerance and empathy among students in educational institutions and the community environment by looking at indicators through evaluating minimum and maximum scores of respondents. We have distributed questionnaires with 9 item statement assessments to 477 students on Lombok Island. We took the Lombok Island which has the name 'Islands of the Thousand Mosque' as the research location because of its position between two different ethnicities namely Bali (Hindu) and Flores (Christian and Catholic), in addition to other migrants namely Buddhists of Chinese descent. Based on the results of data analysis, tolerance and empathy among students as religious influence each other by 85.71%. While the points with Muslim student attitudes have a high level of emotional response to not be offended to have the smallest score, and the point with the highest score is the attitude of Muslim students always understand the feelings of others in their actions, actions, and actual actions on campus.

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Why are there social reactions of rejection of vaccine prevention in Côte d'Ivoire and how do social behaviors of resistance manifest themselves there? It is to these questions that this article attempts to provide some answers. The theoretical posture adopted is part of the approach of comprehensive sociology. Following the observations, certain popular beliefs that affect vaccines with a harmful effect, the perception of different post-vaccination organic manifestations, the costs and phobia of the syringe appear to be underlying elements of resistance to vaccine prevention. On a large scale and in various forms, reluctance behaviors ultimately put this public health intervention at the heart of economic, ethical and cultural issues.