ABSTRACT
Abstract: The study centred on the Development and Validation of Chemistry Test Anxiety Scale CTAS). Four research questions guided the study. The research design adopted for the study was instrumentation. The researchers developed an instrument titled “Chemistry Test Anxiety Scale (CTAS) consisting of 115 items. Multi-stage sampling procedure (simple random sampling and non-proportionate stratified random sampling) were used to obtain a sample of 600 students from a population of 24,000 Senior Secondary School two (SS II) students from public schools in Abia State. Data were analysed using Pearson product moment statistics, Cronbach alpha reliability technique and confirmatory factor analysis via SPSS. The CTAS yielded favourable results with regards to factor structure, internal consistency and sub- scale total correlation. The CTAS is adequately explained by three factors. Analysis of the internal consistency reliability of the CTAS yielded coefficients of 0.929 using Cronbach Alpha. The sub-scale total correlation of the CTAS yielded coefficients of 0.887, 0.520 and 0.350, all statistically significant at 0.05 alpha levels. Based on the findings it was recommended among others that Government and educational bodies should provide science equipment in schools to enhance teaching and learning of chemistry so as to discourage rote learning of materials which is one of the major causes of anxiety in sciences.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: The study aims to determine the awareness on the manifestations of climate change and the adaptation capability needs of the residents of Zambales to lessen the impact of climate change. The study was conducted in the different municipalities of Iba, Botolan and Palauig in the province of Zambales, Philippines. A total of 300 residents were included as respondents of the study. The respondents are vulnerable to the effects of climate change and extreme weather events in the province. The importance of the climate change awareness as the foundation of any climate change mitigation and adaptation capability building is included in this study. The findings show that the respondents are moderately aware in the manifestations of climate change. Considering Zambales, as the exit of tropical typhoons, the home of Mt. Pinatubo volcano, the La Nina and El Nino phenomenon playground, and the most sought victim of flooding brought about by mining activities within the province, the level of awareness of the residents as reflected in this study is very unusual. The manifestations of the climate change are very common in the province, however, the awareness of the residents is still low. The study believes that this issue must be addressed effectively to prepare the at-risk and vulnerable residents from the impact of climate change. Adaptation serves as the shield of the households from climate change. The adaptation practices include local and indigenous practices of the residents to survive the impact of the climate change. Particularly, the respondents moderately needed the short-term, medium and long-term, integrated adaptation and basic capability enhancement, and information consolidation. The climate change awareness of the respondents differs according to their profile. The adaptation capability needs of the respondents do not differ accordingly.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: The essence and success of Panchayati Raj Institutions lies on the participation of the public in various activities of Panchayati Raj Institutions of a particular area. In the present study, involvement of the villagers in Panchayati Raj activities, consultation of the villagers in planning a scheme, consideration of the villagers for proposal of schemes and participation of the villagers in Panchayat Meetings of East Siang District have been analysed. The study found a contradiction of view point with regard to participation of villagers. Quite a good number of respondents hold the view that, they have not actively participated because they were not encouraged by the panchayat members. On the other hand, panchayat members consider that, they had never been an obstacle to people’s participation rather, they encourage them to participate in the developmental programmes initiated by them. Infact, the initiative of common villagers in their individual or collective capacity is equally required for the effective implementation of any developmental programmes. Hence, awareness campaign such as workshop, demonstration, seminar, symposium, etc. are to be conducted in the remote rural areas to make full participation of the people in the developmental programmes. With this background, the present study makes an attempt to highlight Rural Development through Panchayat Raj Institutions. Further, it makes an attempt to examine the Participation of Public in Panchayati Raj Institutions in East Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: The study investigates the influence of text messages on the proficiency in English Language of Undergraduates in Nigeria. The objective is to examine students use of short messages when texting: how often students use simple and correct English in text messaging; the kind of language or syntax used in text messaging; the errors identified in text messaging of Undergraduates especially in Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, Nigeria. The Survey Research Design Method was adopted. One hundred and fifty (150) students were used in the University. Three research questions were answered in the study. Descriptive Statistics was used to analyze the data collected. The findings revealed that students used short text messages when texting. They also design their text in slang during texting; It also revealed that University undergraduates do not use simple and correct English in text messaging; the most dominant kind of language used among them is whole word or phrase abbreviation. Also, students commit errors in test messaging, which include vowel deletion, graphones, alpha-numeric homophony, punctuation errors and initialization among others. In conclusion, text message or chatroom slang, affects students’ academic performance negatively. On the basis of the findings, it was recommended among others, that students should be more sensitized on the need to avoid SMS language in formal context of communication such as examination through special programmes conceived for such an objective. Such sensitization should not only be done for examination purposes, but for all others.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: Kirai ni kipashio cha muundo chenye neno moja au zaidi lakini kisicho na muundo wa kikundi nomino na kikundi tenzi. Virai ni mojawapo ya vipashio vya sentensi ya Kîîgembe vinavyoshughulikiwa katika taaluma ya sintaksia. Makala hii inashughulikia muundo wa virai vya sentensi ya Kîîgembe kwa kufafanua kanuni zinazoongoza uunganishwaji wa virai kuundia sentensi ya Kîîgembe.Data ya sentensi 50 imetumika katika makala hii. Virai aina tano vilichanganuliwa na kuainisha miundo ya virai katika Kîîgembe na kuwasilishwa kwa njia ya maelezo. Makala hii inachangia katika kuongeza maarifa ya kiutafiti kuhusu sentensi ya Kîîgembe, kutumika kwa lugha hii kwa kuchangia maendeleo endelevu na kuhifadhi maandishi yake.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: Speech acts are acts performed by means of language, which are tightly associated with the Politeness Principle in some situations. Politeness Principle is mainly reflected in the social interaction, and the stage play Teahouse shows the life of Beijing’s “nobodies” completely in the form of dialogue, whose language style has strong unique Chinese characteristics. So Teahouse is a good choice for the analysis of Politeness Principle. From the perspective of politeness principle, this paper will analyze the speech acts between the characters in Teahouse in order to find their conversational meanings deeply, deepen the understanding of the essence of communication, and help people finish successful social communication.