ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to define the logics that favoured the adoption of rubber cultivation to the detriment of pineapple cultivation in the sub-prefecture of Bonoua. In a mixed study, we collected information from actors who, by virtue of their function and social position, are in a position to inform us of the realities on the ground. To this end, we conducted the study with local authorities, administrative bodies, people working with or related to rubber, and the youth of Bonoua. We also interviewed representatives of the Burkinabe communities of Bonoua and Tchantchevé. With regard to data collection techniques, we used documentary research, observation and semi-directive interviews. These data were collected using an interview guide and a questionnaire. Based on the empirical study, we traced the history of the shift from pineapple to rubber and defined the logics of adoption of rubber farming on the basis of the theory of social change. This research is part of the sociology of rural development.

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze how the Implementation of the village government's role policy in preventing and reducing stunting was based on the mayor's regulation number 25 of 2021 concerning the role of the village government in preventing and reducing integrated stunting in Telaga Biru Village, West Banjarmasin District, Banjarmasin City. In this case, the researcher used a qualitative research approach. The location in this study is "Telaga Biru Village," in West Banjarmasin District, Banjarmasin City, South Kalimantan Province. The research informants included implementors comprising seven village heads, community service workers, KPM, posyandu cadres, heads of TP-PKK, nutritionists at puskesmas, and heads of social protection volunteers.

ABSTRACT
There is limited understanding on female same-sex sexual relationships development in Tanzania. This study documents perceived reasons for female same-sex sexual relationships in Tanzania. Conducted a cross-sectional descriptive formative study in Dar es Salaam. Women who have sex with women (SSW) were recruited through snowball sampling and WSW’s organization leaders, community members were purposely recruited. Qualitative methods used to collect data: in-depth interviews (IDIs), focus group discussions (FGDs), collecting WSW’s life stories and observations of female same-sex sexual relationship-related issues. Twelve WSW participated in each FGD. We conducted IDIs with eight WSW, three with WSW’s organizations leaders, three with community leaders and one with a male (businessman) community member. Three leaders of groups supporting WSW were interviewed three times each to clarify on issues that emerged from IDIs, FGDs and observations. We applied thematic approach where open systematic coding of data in the participants’ language and combining emerging emic concepts with preconceived theoretical constructs was used. Thirty-nine individuals participated in this study. Reasons for developing sexual attraction between and among women included biological orientation, poverty, peer pressure, eroding African social norms and values, globalization and paid sex among women. Tanzanians hold varied reasons behind development and evolution of female same-sex relationships that have implications to the WSW’s health and well-being. We recommend for larger ethnographic and multidisciplinary studies, and nationally representative samples to assess the genetic, individual and socio-environment factors influencing onset and evolution of female same-sex sexual behaviors and practices in Tanzania.

ABSTRACT
Until a decade or so, ago, the general public demonstrated negative perceptions and attitudes towards homosexuality and homosexuals: lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender (LGBT). However, there is empirical evidence that from the 1970s, the public has progressively embraced positive attitudes ranging from tolerance to more acceptance. Unfortunately, much of data available on this issue come from the US and Europe. Little is known from the developing world and in Tanzania, in particular. This knowledge is critical because public perceptions and attitudes influence the formation of multifaceted policies and legislative frameworks that address and impact the health and wellbeing LGBT people. Conducted a cross-sectional descriptive formative study in Dar-es-Salaam region, Tanzania to understanding the general public’s perceptions and attitudes towards female homosexuality and factors that influence the perspectives they hold. Findings showed majority of the general public hold negative perceptions and attitudes towards female homosexuality that adversely impact women’s health and wellbeing. Homophobia, religious beliefs, socio-cultural constructs, heteronormality, criminalization by national laws and the constitution greatly informed public’s constructs of female homosexuality in this country. I recommend the Ministry of Health to initiate and support larger ethnographic and multidisciplinary studies, and nationally representative samples among WSW and other homosexual subgroups to establish empirical database on predictors and time trends of public perceptions and attitudes towards WSW and other sexually minority groups that influence rise in acceptance. Data would facilitate improving healthcare professionals’ ability to diagnose, treat, control, and prevent illnesses among WSW and other sexually minority groups in Tanzania.

ABSTRACT
This study aimed to describe and analyze the implementation of policies for handling the Covid-19 pandemic in the Miau Baru Village area, Kongbeng District, East Kutai Regency, by Regent Regulation Number 32 of 2020 concerning Application of Discipline and Enforcement of Health Protocols. This study used a qualitative descriptive research method and was conducted in the village of Miau Baru, Kongbeng District, East Kutai Regency. The study results show that the policy implementation for handling the Covid-19 pandemic in Miau Baru Village, when viewed from the perspective of communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure, is booming. However, there are still several inhibiting factors. Factors supporting the implementation of policies for handling the Covid-19 pandemic come from internal factors, such as the availability of good human resources and facilities, and external factors in the form of voluntary assistance from entrepreneurs and local community organizations. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors are that there are still villagers who do not comply with health protocols, and there are regulations that have been issued successively in a relatively short period.

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze policy implementation along with the driving and inhibiting factors related to WFH for state civil servants during the Covid-19 pandemic based on the Mayor of Malang Circular Letter Number 20 of 2020 concerning the new normal productive and safe covid-19 order for civil servant and regional owned enterprise employees in the public relations section of the Malang City Regional Secretariat. The research location was conducted in the Public Relations Section of the Malang City Regional Secretariat, which is one of the Regional Apparatuses in the Malang City Government. Research results found that WFH policy for state civil servant during the Covid-19 pandemic in the public relations section of the regional secretariat of Malang City is a populist policy. However, the relevance of the policy and its implementation in the field did not comply with the applicable policy. Supporting factors are shown by adequate facilities, and a WhatsApp group for the public relations department makes coordination very easy. At the same time, the inhibiting factors include insufficient staff, the absence of guidelines or SOP, and the absence of a definite set schedule.

ABSTRACT
The option taken by the Cameroon public administration is that of managing the affairs of the state by putting the emphasis on results through Results-Based Management (RBM). The objective of this article is to evaluate the extent to which the reform of the Cameroon state and its administration has progressed, and to identify the obstacles that persist and block attempts at progress. To conduct this study, a semi-structured interview was used, which is itself based on the qualitative approach of constructivism. The results of this study showed some dysfunctions in terms of the coherence of stated policies and implemented practices. The logic involved is that of the consecration of the informal, which is organised around a limited range of actors who most often have no reforming personality, but draw their legitimacy from political, ethnic, tribal, friendly or family networks. The much advocated participation is more of a mirage than a reality. When used as a technique for designing and implementing administrative reform projects, it is more like a 'participation gift'. It is not yet set up as a rule, as a normal way of operating in public services. In addition, there is the syndrome of the presidentialization of the political regime, the politico-administrative sponsorship and the ethno-politicization of the administration, which run counter to the rules of good governance, transparency and administrative rationality.