ABSTRACT
The socio-economic development of Côte d'Ivoire thanks to the coffee-cocoa pairing in the 1980s led to an increase in the flow of immigrants throughout the country. Unfortunately, this economic and social growth could not be sustained over a long period. The economic crisis that hit the country was immediately accompanied by austerity policies steered by international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The immediate consequence of the country's economic constraints has been the destructuring of the labour market, particularly in terms of supply and demand. As a result, the majority of immigrant populations are affected in the same way as nationals by the precariousness of their jobs. Faced with this "unexpected" situation, private or individual initiatives have been taken by immigrant populations to escape and also to seize existing opportunities. Yopougon, Abidjan's largest commune, has seen its commercial spaces "invaded" by Nigerians who have set up micro-businesses. The aim of this article is to establish the socio-demographic profile of 150 immigrant entrepreneurs based in commercial spaces and to identify the specific characteristics of immigrant entrepreneurship in these communities in Yopougon. The study shows that the majority of entrepreneurs are creators from scratch, aged 40 and over, and that this type of entrepreneurship is male-dominated. It should be noted that economic activities are segmented by field and by ethnic group, with the majority of players being Islamic. The location of the economic activity obeys various logics without forgetting that the experiential factor plays an important role in the choice of entrepreneurship as a professional career for Nigerian and Nigerian immigrants.

ABSTRACT
Under the trend of global integration, international exchanges are becoming more and more thorough, and international publicity of China has been strengthened and expanded. As a powerful tool for international communication, international publicity news has attracted more attention to the selection and use of news content translation methods. Chinese international publicity work has produced great results in recent years, but the good and bad translations are intermingled. Due to the barrier of cross-cultural, “Chinglish” can be found in some translations, which not only impose a negative impact on the external publicity work, but also is not conducive to the objective and correct understanding of China in the world. From the perspective of cross-cultural pragmatics, this paper selects the international publicity news and translation method as the research object. The author makes a systematic study on the C- E (from Chinese to English) translation of publicity news. Based on the study of cross-cultural pragmatics and the characteristics of publicity news, the purpose is to make the original and the target discourses share the same function in communication. Therefore, to achieve effective and accurate publicity news translation and improve the quality in publicity news translation in order to better disseminates the culture in both sides.

ABSTRACT
Objective: It is to analyse the processes of the pastoral Mbororos’ transition from nomadism to sedentarisation in the North-West Region of Cameroon. Methods: From observations, all the cultural core surrounding the pastoral Mbororo have had a tendency which has faced changes and has “obliged” the Mbororo to transit from their mobile (nomadic) way of life a sedentarised one, including their principal activity, cattle rearing. The study was carried out in a period of four years including twenty seven (27) months of data collection in the field. Succinctly put, this study covered the wide and extensive culture of the Mbororo in the North-West Region of Cameroon with particular focus on the transition process from nomadism to sedentarisation. Results: The major findings can be summarized as follows: Sedentarization is usually accompanied by larger cultural change. Despite ties with the pastoral communities, the settled pastoral Mbororos are undergoing dramatic changes in customs and relationships. This includes a departure from communal and kin-based relations in the nomadic period to a more individualized identity in the sedentarised system. Sedentarization represents an alternative economic strategy as part of a larger set of diversification strategies. A mechanism connecting the ‘government’ of the Steppe Empire and pastoral tribes was the institution of the Gift Economy. By manipulating gifts and distributing them among comrades-in-arms and tribal chiefs, the ruler of the Steppe Empire strengthened his potential influence and prestige as the ‘generous khan’. Simultaneously, he bound the persons receiving gifts by the ‘liability’ of the ‘return gift’. Concerning the plight of the pastoral Mbororo, the government of Cameroon has ventured into several policy areas on nomadic pastoralism. These include plans aimed at improving the well-being of the Mbororo and those of their animals. The successes or failures of this model and its assumptions are debatable.

ABSTRACT
Since the 1990s, there has been significant development of the mining sector in West Africa (Soro, 2011). Côte d'Ivoire, which has significant mining potential, intends to use this sector as a vector for economic and social development, to make up for the shortcomings of the agricultural sector, which for decades was considered to be a pillar of development. However, the Ivorian mining industry also faces recurrent protests from local populations (Gnamien, 2014). Given the strategic importance of this sector, it is necessary to gain a better understanding of the social representations of these populations in the face of the social and environmental challenges posed by mining projects. This study therefore sets out to understand the ideologies associated with the mining industry by local communities. It focuses on the specific case of Agbaou Gold Operations (AGO), which operates the Agbahou gold mine in the Divo department and has repeatedly experienced social tensions surrounding its activities. Using a methodology based on literature review, observation, interviews and, as an analytical tool, thematic content analysis, this study enabled us to understand the dynamics of the social and political context in which the mine operates. This study enabled us to understand the socio-environmental dynamics induced by AGO's activities as perceived by local populations.

ABSTRACT
This research aims to describe and analyze the implementation of LAPAK. This study uses a qualitative research approach to analyze the Miles Huberman Model. The research location was conducted in Sukapura District, Probolinggo Regency, because of the research substance under study. The research method used is a qualitative research type with a descriptive approach with a research focus on the stages of implementing sub-district administration fast services and supporting and inhibiting factors in implementing sub-district administration fast services. The results showed that the implementation of the District Administration Fast Service (LAPAK) policy during the Covid 19 Pandemic in Sukapura District, Probolinggo Regency, through Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III, which in this case was supported by several factors such as the legal basis and facilities and infrastructure I and supported by fast response behaviour from LAPAK operators. On the other hand, several things must be considered to avoid obstacles, including the coordination system and lack of public awareness.

ABSTRACT
The Probolinggo Government's efforts to support the accelerated program to eradicate tuberculosis in 2030, followed by Permenkes Number 64 of 2016 concerning Tuberculosis Control, experienced obstacles in Probolinggo Regency. The number of tuberculosis case findings in Probolinggo Regency in 2021 is only 1,193 or 46.41% compared to the target of 2,572. However, tuberculosis patients are worried they will be diagnosed with the Covid-19 virus because of similar symptoms, so they are reluctant to go to the Puskesmas. This study aimed to describe and analyze the implementation of health centre service policies for tuberculosis patients based on Permenkes Number 67 of 2016, along with the supporting and inhibiting factors at the Kraksaan Health Center, Probolinggo Regency. The location of research was carried out at the Kraksaan Health Center in Probolinggo Regency with the consideration that it has a conducive situation and condition because it is located near the Probolinggo Regency government centre and is a reference for tuberculosis services that the East Java Provincial Health Office has appointed. The research method used is qualitative descriptive research using a case study technique. The research analysis results show that the implementation of tuberculosis patient service policies at the Kraksaan Probolinggo Health Center has complied with Permenkes Number 67 of 2016. This is driven by several factors, such as standardized and targeted services supported by certified health workers and integration and collaboration between health policy stakeholders in Probolinggo Regency. On the other hand, several obstacles become inhibiting factors, including the lack of socialization of the provision of health service facilities for tuberculosis patients, inadequate facilities and infrastructure, and the reluctance of the public to check themselves.

ABSTRACT
Food adulteration has been a problem since the dawn of civilization because it not only lowers the quality of food but also has various negative health impacts. Value evaluation and ensuring consumer protection from fraudulent activities both involve authentic testing of food and adulteration detection of various food products. This study examined consumer’s awareness of food adulteration practices on the market and its challenges. The study sampled 240 shoppers at the Takoradi main in Ghana. The study revealed that though food adulteration has received a lot of media attention, most consumers still lacked a lot of knowledge on what constitutes an adulterant and how to detect it at the household level. Various adulteration practices such as poor handling and packaging of fresh products, excessive use of artificial flavouring and colouring substances, misuse of food additives among others were found to be very common on the market. Challenges of food adulteration such as the lack of adequate technology to detect adulterants in food as well as consumers awareness of procedures to lodge complaints pertaining adulteration were also found. Consumers and food regulatory agencies were hence admonished to ensure that the necessary protocols are followed whenever issues concerning food adulteration occurs.

ABSTRACT
Implementation of Malang Regent's Regulation Number 33 of 2018 Concerning Stunting Prevention Efforts with the Fish-Eating Socialization Movement is an effort by the Malang District Government through the Fisheries Service to educate the public on the benefits and significance of consuming fish and increase the Fish Consumption Rate in Malang Regency. This study seeks to increase fish consumption in the community, particularly among those suffering from stunting, and to determine the Malang Regency government's strategy for educating the public about the benefits and significance of consuming fish. The researchers employ qualitative research methods. The research was conducted in Sananrejo Village, Turen District, Malang Regency, with data collection techniques including observation, documentation, interviews, and the distribution of questionnaires to pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers participating in the Integrated healthcare center village of Sananrejo Village, Turen District, in order to determine how much they know about the nutrition contained in fish. The findings of this study indicate that a high intake of fish will reduce the incidence of stunting because fish is a rich source of protein and Omega 3, both of which are essential for the growth and development of children. To support the priority program for addressing stunting, you can begin ingesting fish in a variety of fish-based processed diets at an early age.

ABSTRACT
For the last five decades, there have been extensive, continuous, and challenging intra- and inter-state wars and conflicts in the Horn of Africa. As a result, the peace and stability of the region as well as the socioeconomic development and livelihood of the population have suffered greatly. This study explores the reasons for the frequent conflicts in the region, analyzing the different types of conflict that frequently take place in the region. On the basis of a systematic probe of individual studies the conflicts in the region are categorized as state-society conflicts, state-state conflicts, and society-society conflicts. In addition, regardless of how the stake-holders of the region perceive the situation, intra-state and inter-state conflicts in the region have their roots in the long and complex history of state formation processes and struggles, identity conflicts, political economy, competition for scarce resources, and external intervention.