ABSTRACT
This study analyses the factors that explain the dysfunction in the management of the COVID-19 coronavirus in Côte d'Ivoire. The study was essentially qualitative, using appropriate survey tools such as documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews with a category of actors in Abidjan. This enabled us to arrive at the following results: the dysfunctional management of COVID-19 in Côte d'Ivoire is linked to the failure to comply with the normative framework issued by the authorities of the Ministry of Health through the persistence of lifestyle habits that are proof of the restrictive measures announced in view of the seriousness of the COVID-19 coronavirus. Thus, the actors develop strategies outside the normative framework to redefine new types of lifestyle relationships.

ABSTRACT
The "covid-19" coronavirus disease is a pandemic, a health crisis and a public health problem. This health crisis has become a total phenomenon affecting all sectors of the city and all dimensions of society. The first suspected case detected in March 2020 led the Ivorian state to take preventive measures against the pandemic. These include the adoption of barrier measures. However, different observations have been made depending on the time, place and population: the population has gone from a general panic to a trivialisation of the pandemic; there is a conflict between medical knowledge, between medical knowledge and popular knowledge and a failure to respect barrier measures depending on the place and social category. Every disease is a social construction because it is perceived differently in each society and culture. And it is the social representations that people have of an illness that determine their attitudes and practices. Our qualitative study contributes to describe the norms, perceptions and practices of the populations in three sites in Abidjan.

ABSTRACT
While the importance of taking deliberate steps aimed at ensuring improved living standards is widely appreciated, less attention is given to the question of the numbers enjoying the upgraded standards. Consequently, in many developing nations, the majority of citizens live in abject poverty. Indeed, the divide between the developed and developing countries is best expressed in the quality of life that obtains in these two sets of countries. Further, success in engaging the masses and involving them in striving for development calls for an understanding of the local environment. It is in this context that indigenous knowledge becomes critical and issues of indigenous languages assume centrality. In order for African languages to play their rightful role in the continent’s development, they must be empowered. This, therefore, calls for concerted efforts in the development of African languages. This paper explores the role of collaborations both regionally and internationally in the teaching, research and development of African languages. Using Swahili as an example, it discusses how well-crafted collaborations between universities and other relevant stakeholders can contribute in the teaching and development of African languages to enable their continued use in harnessing indigenous knowledge for development. It concludes that there are several opportunities for innovation in developing collaborations that in turn have the capacity to develop African languages for driving the development agenda in Africa.

ABSTRACT
Rehabilitation is necessary for patients suffering from mental challenges for their benefit and society. Tis aim of rehabilitation is to enable patients with mental challenges be in conducive environment compared with how some of them constitute nuisance to the society and lived in slums. With rehabilitation, they are expected to enjoy toiletry; drinkable water, neat environment, better food intake, taking of prescribed drug regularly, and exposing them to different skills that will make them fit into the society after their recovery. The study investigated the welfare of people with mental challenges in non-governmental rehabilitation centres, and the efforts of the centres at making clients fit into the society in later life both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed for the study. The study population consist of five respondents who were owners and social workers at four rehabilitation centres randomly selected from Ondo and Osun States. Focus group discussion was also used. Data obtained was analysed using frequency count and percentages. Findings revealed that social welfare services provided for the patients were good, but efforts were not made by the centres at providing vocational training for these patients. The paper helps to contribute to the knowledge of the society and concluded that people with mental challenges need to be rehabilitated with good welfare services, and vocational training.

ABSTRACT
The overall research review on English-Chinese contrastive studies suggests there has been an extensive description of the distinction between Chinese and Western thinking patterns in the absence of extra demonstrations. Therefore, it is found necessary to carry out a delicate study on reflections of Chinese and Western thought pattern differences in light of the E-C idioms. In this study, two kinds of thinking patterns are contrasted from the following three aspects: concrete and abstract thoughts, subjective and objective thoughts, as well as synthetic and analytical thoughts, via the explanation and analysis of idioms collected in the A Concise Dictionary of English Proverbs and Idioms. The paper thus not only provides evidence for the different thinking patterns between China and West, but also helps language learners to gain a deeper comprehension and mastery of features of both languages.

ABSTRACT
This paper discussed the history of Iringa Dipping Scheme in Mufindi during the British colonial administration in the post Second World War period. Different schemes were introduced in Tanganyika. Among them were Sukumaland Development Scheme 1947, Uluguru Land Usage Scheme 1949, the Mbulu Development Scheme 1949 and Iringa Dipping Scheme 1951 to mention just a few. Most of these schemes were established with the main concern of land improvement and soil conservation which apparently was the result of colonial policies of overexploitation of resources. The colonial government claimed that Iringa dipping scheme was introduced to prevent cattle against tick borne diseases but the implementation was associated with compulsory state repression. Forceful implementation of the dipping scheme in Mufindi prompted peasant resentment to the scheme. However, the findings of this paper revealed that the establishment and development of Iringa Dipping Scheme was a response towards the economic crisis which was manifesting in the growing demands of beef and other raw materials in Britain and Tanganyika in the meat and related industries. The intensification of peasant resentment to the exploitative scheme through fees which they were forced to pay and the bother entailed in bringing their cattle to the dips. Peasant’s resistance and resentment culminated into the collapse of the dipping scheme of Mufindi in 1958. Should be grasped within the context of peasant struggle against exploitative system which was developed in post-war period. This paper employed historical research design utilizing qualitative approach. Primary and secondary sources were integrated together. Archival data were generated from Tanzania National Archives, University of Dar es Salaam, Sokoine University of Agriculture and Mufindi District. Oral histories were generated from the indigenous people to corroborate the archival data. Political economy theory was used to inform the study.

ABSTRACT
This paper investigated the methods used by Roman Catholic Missionaries in christianisation of the Makua of Masasi Tanzania from 1890s to1970s. This study was prompted by the understanding that the Makua were deeply engaged in their traditional religion as demonstrated by their cultural practices. In spreading Christianity to Makua people, the Benedictine missionaries had to deploy variety of strategies and techniques to win the Makua people. The main objective of this paper was to examine the methods missionaries used to manipulate the Makua into Christianity and to demonstrate how the Makua people responded to the Benedictine missionary pressure. Finally, to examine the way Christianity contributed to the transformation of Makua society and the endurance of Makua traditional religion. This study employed historical materialism theory developed by Karl Marx in 1818-1883 in order to inform the dynamics of the Makua society. The theory was deemed convenient because it captures society as a social formation in which all human activities are treated as an interconnected single whole. Religion is treated as an ideological product of human struggle to transform their lives. Historical research methodology was employed in order to generate evidence on the past through review of documents, interviews with people contemporary to the events and some oral histories. These data collection methods deployed different instruments to capture data from different historical sources both primary and secondary sources. Qualitative research approach was applied in data collection and analysis leading to the production of this historical narrative. The findings revealed that, the Catholic evangelization approach among the Makua was that of a carrot and stick system. There were positive incentives such as provision of education and health services which were employed to facilitate the spread of Christianity to the Makua. The paper concludes that, despite Makua cherishing their ..........

ABSTRACT
Our study aimed to analyze the perceptions of riparian households related to the causes and consequences of the pollution of the Koumassi Ebrié lagoon. It is based on the mixed approach combining quantitative and qualitative method, using documentary research, direct field observations, the survey by questionnaire, semi-directive individual interviews and Focus Group. The results obtained first show the socio-demographic profile of households. For this purpose, the average household size is 6 people. In addition, households operate such as fishing, lagoon transport, selling fish products, fish smoking. In addition, the average income of households is between 10,000 and 50,000 FCFA. The causes mentioned by households, at the origin of the pollution of the Ebrié Lagoon of Koumassi are: (1) household waste spills and domestic wastewater from activities, at the same time, riparian and abidjanese populations, directly In the lagoon, (2) wastewater spills from the activities of the industries installed near the lagoon and (3) the use of toxic products (pesticides) by certain fishermen for their activity (fishing). Finally, the results of the study show that the pollution of the Koumassi Ebrié lagoon impact the fishery resources, the environment and habitats of respondents. Also the study reveals the impact of pollution on health, food, rituals and household leisure.