ABSTRACT
Health is a fundamental human right. However, a large population of the world is dogged with ill health which adversely affects the economy and development of nations. Although neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) cause enormous suffering, rob individuals of social and economic opportunities, and set-back countries’ development efforts, they receive only 0.6% health fund of official development assistance. Globally, more than one billion people suffer from one or more NTDs, and unfortunately, 500,000 die yearly. Despite remarkable progress in the effort against NTDs globally, they still persist in SSA. The objective of this study was to determine the burden of NTDs and suggest ways of reducing the burden. A scoping review of literature was conducted through Google Scholar according to Arksey and O’Malley (2005) methodology using the search terms “Burden” and “Neglected Tropical Diseases” or “NTDs” and “Sub-Saharan Africa” or “SSA”. Eligible studies were those addressing NTDs in SSA, published in English, for which the full text were available, and published between 2021 and 2023 in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Out of 20,800 identified studies, only 36 fully met the inclusion criteria. The study concluded that: SSA has a high burden of NTDs; communities in the region, including healthcare workers, have inadequate knowledge on NTDs; lack of community participation and engagement, and offering of fragmented care to people affected by NTDs; and lack of a robust clinical, public health, laboratory, pharmaceutical, and research capacity. The study recommends educating communities, as well as healthcare workers, on NTDs; ensuring community participation and engagement, and provision of holistic care to people affected by NTDs; and ensuring a robust clinical, public health, laboratory, pharmaceutical, and research capacity in SSA.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: The rate of cesarean sections is rising globally, with varying indications and outcomes. This study aims to analyze the indications and outcomes of emergency cesarean sections in a Bangladeshi context, focusing on maternal and neonatal health. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at Netrokona Medical College, Bangladesh, from July 2021 to June 2022. It included 100 cases of emergency cesarean sections, excluding elective cases and those with incomplete records. Data on maternal age, gravidity, socioeconomic status, gestational age, BMI, indications for cesarean section, and maternal and neonatal outcomes were collected and analyzed. Result: The majority of cesarean sections were performed on women aged 21-30 (67%). The most common indication was a previous cesarean section (42%), followed by fetal distress (16%) and placenta previa (11%). Maternal outcomes showed 82% of women had no complications, with fever (12%) and excessive blood loss (8%) being the most common issues. Neonatal outcomes were generally positive, with 97% having APGAR scores ≥7. The gender distribution was 59% male and 41% female, and most neonates had normal or healthy birth weights. Conclusion: The study highlights a high prevalence of emergency cesarean sections among younger women, primarily due to previous cesarean sections. While maternal and neonatal outcomes were largely favorable, the presence of postoperative complications indicates the need for enhanced care. These findings underscore the importance of careful assessment in emergency cesarean sections and postoperative monitoring, particularly in resource-limited settings like Bangladesh.

ABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the potential preventative effects of Andrographis paniculata on cardiac damage produced by diclofenac in Wistar albino rats. The rats were randomly assigned to five groups: Group 1, which served as the normal control and was given only feed; Group 2, which served as the positive control and was given feed along with 100 mg/kg body weight diclofenac; Group 3, which received feed along with 100 mg/kg body weight diclofenac and 200 mg/kg extract; Group 4, which received feed along with 100 mg/kg body weight diclofenac and 400 mg/kg extract; and Group 5, which received feed along with 100 mg/kg body weight diclofenac and 200 mg/kg vitamin E. The oral administration of the extract was conducted over a period of 14 days, following which the animals were slaughtered on the 15th day in order to facilitate subsequent analysis. The findings indicated that administering Andrographis paniculata extract to the experimental groups led to a statistically significant increase in bodyweight for group 3 (167.33 ± 21.33) and group 4 (173.33 ± 17.63), as compared to the normal and positive control groups (p<0.05). The research findings demonstrated a clear association between diclofenac administration and cardiac damage, with a statistically significant elevation in blood concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and malondialdehyde. Pretreatment with Andrographis paniculata resulted in a modulation of the decrease in levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in group 2 compared to group 1. However, the administration of Vitamin E led to a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol (TC) level, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as well as an increase in serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity compared to the positive control. ....

ABSTRACT
Healthcare has advanced significantly in the digital age as a result of technology's integration, which has transformed both patient care and operational procedures. To maintain patient safety in the digital age, there are obstacles that must be overcome in addition to these advantages. In the context of healthcare technology, this manuscript examines patient safety-related issues and potential solutions. The challenges identified include data security and privacy, interoperability and integration, usability and user experience, workflow integration, clinical decision support systems and so on. Strong cybersecurity measures are necessary because data breaches and cyber threats put patient safety at risk. Potential medical errors may result from the seamless exchange of patient information being hampered by non-interoperable health IT systems. Usability problems can jeopardize patient safety due to poorly designed interfaces and intricate workflows. Furthermore, inaccurate diagnosis and treatment plans may arise from deficiencies or inaccuracies in clinical decision support systems. Multiple suggestions are given to improve patient safety in order to address these issues. These remedies include putting in place strong cybersecurity safeguards, following interoperability guidelines, embracing user-centered design concepts, and consistently enhancing clinical decision support systems. Healthcare organizations can effectively reduce risks and enhance patient safety in the digital age by emphasizing data security, encouraging standardized protocols, concentrating on user experience, and improving clinical decision support systems and many more. Healthcare systems may take advantage of technology's transformative potential while preserving patient well-being by addressing the issues raised and putting the suggested solutions into practice.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Deliberate self-harm (DSH) represents a significant mental health concern, particularly among individuals diagnosed with psychiatric disorders. Understanding the prevalence and patterns of DSH across different psychiatric disorders is crucial for developing targeted interventions and prevention strategies. This study aims to explore the distribution of deliberate self-harm among individuals with psychiatric disorders. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at Department of psychiatry, Sheikh Hasina Medical college, Jamalpur, Bangladesh during the period from July 2013 to June 2014. According to the inclusion criteria, 100 cases of patients with different psychiatric disorders were included in the study. Study subjects were selected by purposive sampling technique. Data were gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire that included all pertinent information about intentional self-harm, as well as psychiatric problems. The patient's informed consent was obtained. Data analysis was done by using a statistical package for social science (SPSS) 12 version. Result: The study included 100 subjects with psychiatric disorders, predominantly aged 20-39 years (77.0%). Females represented a higher proportion (61.0%) compared to males (39.0%), and most participants (90.0%) had no family history of mental illness. Deliberate self-harm (DSH) was most prevalent in patients with Major Depressive Disorder (62.5%) and Schizophrenia (60.0%). Other disorders showed lower rates of DSH: Anxiety Disorders (27.0%), Bipolar Disorder (40.0%), Adjustment Disorder (20.0%), and PTSD (20.0%). No patients with Personality Disorders engaged in DSH. Conclusion: The findings from this study emphasize the critical link between psychiatric disorders and deliberate self-harm, with the highest prevalence noted among those diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder and Schizophrenia. The results also reveal that younger adults, particularly within the 20-39 age ran