ABSTRACT
Background: Telemedicine has become a key tool for maintaining healthcare delivery, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, which transformed remote consultation practices. In Senegal, the adoption of telemedicine remains partial and requires understanding healthcare professionals’ knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes. Objectives: To assess knowledge, perceptions, attitudes, and practices of healthcare professionals in Senegal regarding telemedicine, and to identify barriers and challenges to its adoption. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study from September 10 to 19, 2025, among healthcare professionals in Senegal. Questionnaires were administered online via KoboToolbox. Data were analyzed using RStudio version 4.4.0 and Excel. Informed consent and anonymity were fully respected. Results: Among the 495 participants, there were 170 physicians, 136 nurses, 58 pharmacists, 52 midwives, 38 dentists, 5 veterinarians, and 33 support staff. Mean age was 35.19 ± 7.48 years, sex ratio = 1.33. Most participants (87.5%) had previously heard of telemedicine, primarily through colleagues (169), scientific journals (118), and media (35). Actual use involved 336 participants at least once, with WhatsApp as the main tool for teleconsultation and remote monitoring. Only 114 participants (23.03%) were aware of the legal framework. Teleconsultation was considered most suitable for general practice by 240 participants, while chronic diseases and obstetrics-gynecology accounted for 82 (16.6%) and 52 (10.5%) responses, respectively. Most recognized the importance of informed consent (84.2%). Major barriers included lack of training, weak regulation, and poor internet connectivity. Conclusion: Despite limited knowledge, healthcare professionals in Senegal perceive telemedicine as a useful and necessary tool, especially for ensuring continuity of care post-COVID-19. Targeted training and a clear legal framework are essential to strengthen adoption and effe

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Exercise is essential for maintaining physical fitness, and weight training is a popular form that can cause delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Although cold and warm water immersion are known to reduce DOMS, direct comparative studies are limited. This study compares their effectiveness in reducing calf muscle DOMS after weight training. Aims: This study aims to determine the comparative effectiveness of cold water immersion and warm water immersion on the intensity of delayed onset muscle soreness in the calf muscles following weight training. Method: This study employed a quantitative quasi-experimental design with a posttest-only three-group approach. A total of 36 participants were selected using total sampling. DOMS intensity was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) on the left calf at 24, 48, and 72 hours after weight training. Results: This study showed that warm water immersion significantly reduced VAS scores compared to cold water immersion (p = 0.006) and the control group (p = 0.032), while no significant difference was observed between cold water immersion and the control group (p = 0.605), indicating the superior effectiveness of warm water immersion. Conclusion: Warm water immersion is significantly more effective than cold water immersion and the control group in reducing calf muscle DOMS after weight training.