ABSTRACT
Coffee is a brewed beverage which is made from the bean seeds of plants belonging to the Rubiaceae family. The consumption of coffee has grown over time for its appreciated taste and beneficial effects on health. Commercial samples of Liven alkaline coffee, Nescafe original coffee and Nescafe original decaffeinated coffee were subjected to phytochemical screening in order to detect classes of phytochemical compounds present in them. Proximate analysis was conducted as well using standard procedures. The results of the study showed that the coffee samples contained a significant number of phytochemicals which includes carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins and polyphenols. The Liven alkaline coffee have highest quantity of alkaloids (3.10 ± 0.82 %) and carbohydrates (0.134 ± 0.009 mgGE/g) compared to the Nescafe original coffee; alkaloids (1.43 ± 0.80 %) and carbohydrate (0.031 ± 0.005 mgGE/g) and the Nescafe original decaffeinated coffee; alkaloids (2.57 ± 0.12 %) carbohydrate (0.041 ± 0.010 mgGE/g). The caffeine content of the three samples varied appreciably with the Nescafe original coffee containing 132.25 PPM, Liven alkaline coffee having 20.53 PPM and Nescafe original decaffeinated coffee having 8.33 PPM. The proximate analysis revealed that Liven alkaline coffee have the highest ash content with 3.3 % while Nescafé original coffee have the highest moisture content with 5.1 %.

ABSTRACT
The main goal of this research was to study the physical and chemical properties of Balanites. Aegyptiaca (laloub) oil. Two kilograms of Balanites aegyptiaca fruit were purchased from local market in Omdurman, Sudan. Fruits were then crushed using a steel hammer and seeds were then obtained. One kilogram of seeds was collected and was then ground using grinding machine ground seeds was then eventually ready for further analysis. The seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca were collected, washed and prepared. The seed oil was extracted using soxhlet apparatus with n-hexane as solvent. The percentage yield of oil extraction was (41.9%). The results revealed that B. aegyptiaca seed contain considerable percentage of moisture (3.27%), fat (41.9), protein (30.9%), fiber (11.34%), ash (3.55%) and carbohydrate (8.9%). Physicochemical analysis of the seed oil was conducted using standard procedures and the following results were obtained; density (0.9091 g/cm3), viscosity (42.71%), refractive index (1.4734), iodine value (98.09 g/100g), saponification value (194.33 mg KOH/g) and peroxide value (3.08meq/kg), acid value (0.53 mg KOH/g), free fatty acid value (0.26 %) and un-saponification (3.08). This reveals that Balanites aegyptiaca seed oil could be a rich source of oil for domestic and industrial purposes if richly exploited.

ABSTRACT
The objective of the current research was to investigate effects of germination on proximate composition of wheat (Triticum spp.), millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) and maize (Zea Mays.) grains for comparison. All the grains were cleaned, washed and germinated at temperature 35 ± 2 °C and relative humidity 95 ± 2% for 48 hours. After germination grains were dried till moisture content 12 ± 2%. Main quality parameters such as protein, moisture, fat, fiber, ash and carbohydrates were determined in grains during their germination. Non germinated grains were used as a control sample. In the present experiments significant (P ≤ 0.05) reduction in protein content was observed in the analyzed three grains during their germination for 48 hours which have been attributed to their degradation by proteases. Moisture content of all studied cereals was increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) due to hydration. Ash was increased only in wheat after germination while decreased in millet and maize significantly (P ≤ 0.05). Non-significant (P ≥ 0.05) changes were obtained in fiber and carbohydrates content of wheat after germination process and fat content in maize and millet after germination. Study revealed that germination for 48h could be an effective way of improving the fiber content in foods. The discrepancies between these studies could be related to differences in germination time and different sources of grains used in the study. Finally it was recommended to introduce germinated flour in bakery industry because it is of high carbohydrates content. As well as in our daily life because it is easily to be prepared at home so we can save time and money.

ABSTRACT
The study investigated qualitatively and quantitatively the present knowledge, perception and practices towards dietary supplements among 139 adults between the ages of 18-64 who were randomly selected in Westlands Constituency, Kenya. Data collection was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire during the harvest season (November 2019). Whereby, the data collection was done using Open Data Kit (ODK) and analyses were conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS0 version 20. The results indicated that this study consisted of largely a youthful population between the ages 18-34 years of age. Only 14.4% (n=20) of the total study population indicated to have used dietary supplements within 12 months from when the study was conducted. Females covered the largest proportions (64.3%) in the entire study compared to the proportions (33.4%) of males (X2 (2) = 2.383, p=0.304). There was a greater level of use among females between the ages of 18-34 residing in Loresho and Parklands respectively. Whereby, multivitamins were the common and widely dietary supplements by 70% of the supplement users. The main reason why a majority of the females used dietary supplements was largely due to anaemia and Osteomalacia respectively. Contrary, the males who used supplements in this study wanted to alter the structure of the body (muscle hypertrophy) as a result used creatine and whey protein supplements. The proportion (64.3%) of females was significantly higher to the proportions (33.4%) of males who got prescription from a medical practitioner for the supplements used (X2/Likelihood ratio (1) = 14.004, p=0.009). However, the largest proportion (50%) of females and male proportion (50%) sourced the supplements by purchasing the supplements over the counter from pharmacies. There were so many misconceptions with regards to the definition of dietary supplements since the results indicated that a majority of the adults in Westlands constituency perceived ..........