ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to evaluate the level of two heavy metals (namely lead and cadmium) in water used by food providers in Bahri locality- Sudan. Sixty water samples were obtained from different restaurants and vended food providers, distributed over eight different areas in Bahri locality - Khartoum. A questionnaire was also designed to collect data regarding area, water source and the different purpose for using water. The concentration of the metals was analyzed using Atomic Absorbance Spectrophotometric method. The results obtained showed the presence of Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) in the water samples with different concentrations. The mean level of Cd in the examined sample was (0.015 ± 0.003 ppm) while the mean level of the lead was (0.21 ± 0.017 ppm) which exceeds the acceptable limit (0.01 ppm). Most of the food providers used one water source for all activities such as drinking, cooking food, washing utensils and hand washing. The higher concentration was found in samples obtained from the Industrial Area, and water stored in pial. Thus, determination of heavy metal levels in the main water systems should be evaluated on routine basis. Availing hygienic water sources and areas for street food providers should also be done by the appropriate authorities.

ABSTRACT
Communicable diseases are emerging globally at an unprecedented rate and affect all life aspects. Novel coronavirus spread all over the world and affects all health and economic parameters and food is not an exception. During the past years, prevalence of food insecurity and weight gain becomes results of infectious diseases. This interaction has not been generalised in all communities, because findings differ based on household income, race/ethnicity, sex and age. Several hypotheses try to explain the association between food insecurity and weight gain and communicable diseases especially in stressed circumstances such as outbreak of Covid- 19. This review tries to provide a conceptual proposal linking weight gain, food insecurity and outbreak of Covid- 19. This link will help to make welfare reform, policy changes, and poverty prevention and reduce negative health impact of weight and obesity.

ABSTRACT
Agricultural and agro-industrial by-products are not valued enough in Northern Côte d’Ivoire where farm animals feeding is a major problem. This work focuses on study of physicochemical and nutritive properties of flours of cashew apple, mango peels and mango seed kernel in order to use them for ruminants feeding. Results of analysis show that all flours studied have an acid pH between 3.7 ± 0.14 and 4.30 ± 0.38. Moisture of different flours are low values and therefore high levels of dry matter varying from 88.09 ± 0.86 to 89.47 ± 0.26 %. Cashew apple flour possess high level of ash with 5.67 ± 0.85 % while those of mango seed kernel content lowest level with 1.87 ± 0.45 %. For minerals composition, mango peels and cashew apple flours have high concentrations respectively of calcium (99.29 ± 1.47 mg/100g) and phosphorus (136.59 ± 0.75 mg/100g). According to organic compounds, these three flours have high levels of carbohydrates between 60.59 ± 0.55 and 63.34 ± 0.35 %. Their lipids are low concentrations varying from 3.71 ± 0.45 to 5.05 ± 0.33 %. All flours have intermediate proteins contents between 18.45 ± 0.71 and 19.17 ± 0.41 %. Finally, these flours are a good source of energy with values from 297.05 ± 2.05 to 311.69 ± 4.05 Kcal/100g of dry matter. These results suggest that flours of cashew apple, mango peels and mango seed kernel can be combined in formulation of livestock feed for ruminants.

ABSTRACT
Poultry meat, as animal-source food, is considered one of the important causes of food-borne illness due to the high possibility of bacterial contamination. The objective of this study was to assess the overall risk of E.coli contamination in broiler food chain in Khartoum North – Sudan. The overall risk of contamination with E.coli was estimated after a qualitative assessment of risk being estimated in poultry farms, slaughterhouse, retailers and consumers respectively. Thirty checklists were taken from poultry farms followed by 30 swab samples collected from one slaughterhouse. The swabs were processed for microbiology and the number of colony forming units (CFU) was then calculated. Additional thirty checklists were collected from retailers, and 50 questionnaires were collected from consumers. High risk at the primary production was detected as a result of high frequencies and impacts of the examined risk factors. The risk of the contamination with E.coli in the slaughterhouse was medium, denoting that the risky event is likely to occur more than once in the next three years. The retailer's risk was high suggesting a great potential of the risky event taking place either during the year in which the study was carried out, or in frequent intervals. The risk added by consumer was high, meaning that the risky event most likely would appear either during the year in which the study was conducted, or in frequent intervals. It is concluded that the overall risk assessment of E. coli contamination in broiler food chain in Khartoum North was high.

ABSTRACT
Nutrition and metabolism have been the topic of extensive scientific research in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Clinical awareness of the impact dietary habits, nutritional status and nutritional interventions may have impact on COPD incidence, progression and outcome is limited. This Article will provide a clear map of nutritional guildlines chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.

ABSTRACT
Nutrition research in sickle cell disease (SCD) has clearly demonstrated the impact of the physiopathology of this disease on the various nutritional elements essential of the health. SCD has also been associated with decreased dietary intake which results in poor nutritional status and impaired growth. The objective of this work was to assess dietary intake, body composition, and diet quality and blood macronutrients level of sickle cell patients in Yaounde, Cameroon. Height, weight, waist and hip circumferences were measured to get the Body Mass Index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and daily energy expenditure. A 24-hour food recall, a weekly food consumption recall and a 7-day food record were done via questionnaires to get the food diversity scores, food consumption scores, daily macronutrient intakes and daily energy intakes. Blood serum was analysed for total proteins, albumin, globulin, glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol content using colorimetric methods. Sickle cell patients were found to be underweight with an average BMI of 18.48 ± 2.02 kg/m2 and an overall ratio of 42.59% of underweight against 57.41% normal. Comparing gender, average BMI for males (19.00 ± 1.84 kg/m2) fell in the normal range of BMI and was statistically higher (P<0.05) than that of females (17.80 ± 2.07 kg/m2) corresponding to underweight. Waist to hip ration had an average value of 0.89 ± 0.05, with more than half of the participants (53.49%) suffering from figurative abdominal obesity corresponding to splenomegaly. Concerning the food quality, more than half (58%) had a low food diversity score. However, all participants (100%) had an acceptable food consumption score. The participants had abnormally low levels of total protein, globulin and albumin in blood with no significant difference (P>0.05) according to age or to gender.Proteins intake were normal, carbohydrates intake was slightly higher than the normal whereas the biochemical analy