ABSTRACT
In general, the point of reference of motivation psychology is the questions that ask WHY, because it has to do with the external and internal conditions of human actions. The ultimate goal of this research is the psychological approach to sports / mass sports. The method adopted for the study was a literature review. With respect to the present study, it is found that in explaining the complexity of this human behaviour, the terms motivation and driving force are used from sociology and psychology, which in turn are descriptions of a hypothetical construction. The word motivation is not a descriptive but an explanatory concept. Motivation is an evaluation parameter that characterizes a person and guides his/her actions. The use of motivations can be the result of exogenous and endogenous factors. Elements that are not related to the subject such as avoiding punishment, social recognition or material goods are characteristics of exogenous motivations. In endogenous factors, the process of prompting is caused by the situation itself. Of great importance for those involved in sports is the question of the motivations that incite to sports activities. The answer to this question not only requires the ability to determine human behaviour, but also leads to new conclusions about method and learning, i.e. creating a sports offer. If we go back two decades, in different sub-branches of Psychology and Sociology, the change of motivation in sports is evaluated completely differently. Traditional motivations, like performance and personal improvement as well as competition and success, have lost their importance in view of health, entertainment and recreation motivations, and are currently ranked at the bottom of the motivation list. Finally, it is clear that motivations in sports / mass sports are not individual phenomena because they are complex, and may be based on a structure of multiple motivations of physical, mental, social and historical origin (ZAROTIS et al.

ABSTRACT
The study ascertained the influence of peer counselling intervention on the level of alcohol abuse among students in public day secondary schools in Imenti South sub-county, Kenya. The research was implemented using the descriptive survey research design. The study targeted a population of 2000 students who abused alcohol, from the 42 public day secondary schools in the research area. From this figure, 13 Guidance and Counselling teachers and 600 affected students were used as respondents. Simple random sampling technique was employed to select the participating guidance and counseling teachers while snowball sampling technique was used for the affected students. Data for the study were collected using close-ended questionnaires and oral interview schedules. Validity and reliability of these research instruments were verified prior to actual data collection, using the Rasch model and the parallel forms methods respectively. The collected data were analyzed both descriptively and quantitatively, using frequency counts, percentages and themes. Results indicated that the use of peer counselling as an intervention had a significant positive influence on lowering the level of alcohol abuse among affected students in public day secondary schools in Imenti South Sub County.

ABSTRACT
Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the reliability of websites on childhood dental anxiety using DISCERN instrument. Methodology: An Internet search engine (www.google.com) will be used to identify the web sites comprising of information on dental anxiety status in children. Using the 16 questions of DISCERN for assessing the reliability and quality of the information will be assessed. Results: 62 out of 100 websites were excluded as they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Of the remaining 38, DISCERN indicated that the maximum score was 50 out of 80 and lowest was 40 out of 80.