ABSTRACT
Abstract: Background: Ever since the return of some form of governance and administration (interim/ provisional, state, or federal), Somalia has been struggling to streamline administrative structures capable of handling effective service delivery to the public. The health sector, supposedly one of the priority areas under the public service delivery umbrella, has been ailing and continues to be facing serious encounters which the health authority is grappling with, though yet unable to tackle them independently. Child immunization, the focus of this study, remains a sub-sector the country has been massively underperforming. Objective: The current study aims to review the efforts engaged and challenges needed to be addressed in order to improve the overall approach of the country’s immunization policy. Method: The researchers utilized secondary data to review available literature on immunization selected from various sources to determine the efforts made and challenges faced or being faced in the course of child immunization. Results: The study found that in addition to issues such as security, low education, low coverage, and inaccessibility, factors including resources, language barrier, and trust contribute to the challenges. Conclusion: The health authority and its partners made remarkable efforts and achievements but still need to consider approaches that are friendly to the target groups in the course of enhancing the country’s child immunization programs. Trust, which is built on a smooth flow of communication between the beneficiaries and service providers, needs to be gained through mutual linguistic intelligibility in order to maximize the endeavor toward improving the health sector, particularly immunization of vaccine-preventable diseases and the challenges it is facing towards the realization of national and global health goals.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Candidemia is a bloodstream fungal infection caused by Candida species, whether albicans or non-albicans. The aim of this article is to determine the epidemiological profile and spectrum of candidiasis. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted over a period of 3 years and 5 months, from February 2021 to July 2024, using computerized data from the parasitology-mycology laboratory of CHU Med VI. The study included 80 positive fungal blood cultures for Candida, submitted for mycological analysis, from hospitalized patients who underwent fungal blood culture. Results: Among the 80 fungal blood cultures recorded for candidemia, C. tropicalis was the most frequently isolated species in 35% of cases, followed by Candida parapsilosis (30%), Candida albicans (17.5%), Candida glabrata (10%), Candida krusei (5%), and Candida famata (2.5%). (Figure 1). The proportion of C. albicans versus non-albicans Candida was 17.5% vs 82.5%. Conclusion: Non-albicans Candida species are increasingly frequent, with the emergence of new species. Their varying susceptibility to antifungal agents makes species identification essential for patient management.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Intestinal parasitosis is a global health problem. It is estimated that some 3.5 billion people are infected. Aim of the Study: To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis based on the results of parasitic coprologies performed at the parasitology laboratory of the Mohammed V Military Hospital (HMIMV) in Rabat and to identify the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive and retrospective cross-sectional survey, carried out over a period of 2 years, from 1st January 2022 to 1st December 2023. The results of stool parasitology examinations were retrieved from the laboratory analysis reports. The data were entered into Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and exported to Jamovi version 2.6.13 for statistical analysis. Results: During the study period, we included 7,300 stool parasitology examinations: 4,453 men (61%) and 2,847 women (39%). The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 26.12%. Blastocystis hominis alone represented 73.45%, Endolimax nanus 17.77%, Dientamoeba fragilis 4.44%, Entamoeba coli 1.11%, Giardia intestinalis 0.55%, Entamoeba histolytica 0.25%, Chilomastix mesnili 0.37%, Trichomonas intestinalis 0.18%, Enterobius vermicularis 1.48% and Ascaris lumbricoides 0.37%. Conclusion: Polyparasitism affects 37% of patients. This indicates a very low level of hygiene, contaminated water and unfavorable living conditions. The prevalence of intestinal parasitism was fairly high in the population examined. Several parasitic species are incriminated. Unhealthy living conditions and poor hygiene encourage endemicity and the perpetuation of transmission. The best way to combat this scourge is through prevention, hygiene and individual and collective awareness-raising.

ABSTRACT
Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a baculovirus that has been a major threat to the sericulture industry for decades. Through its envelope protein, P64, which interacts with the host receptor, Bombyx mori gp64, BmNPV attaches itself to silkworm cells. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the next mechanism by which the virus enters cells. After much research, the entrance mechanisms of BmNPV were shown to be a multi-step, intricate process. BmNPV first attaches itself to the surface of the host cell through its envelope protein, P64. Actin polymerization and clathrin-mediated endocytosis are two processes that are triggered by this contact and aid in the internalization of viruses. After entering, BmNPV uses the resources of the host cell to travel to the nucleus, where it replicates. The paper review the virus's history, entry mechanisms, and replication strategies.