ABSTRACT
Background and objective: Free radical chain reaction is a condition where there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. This imbalance can lead to cellular and tissue damage, which is of particular concern in the context of cognitive decline associated with diabetes. The aim of this study was to identify molecular and cellular markers of oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Material and methods: The study involved 24 Wistar rats, classified into 3 groups, normal (GT), untreated diabetic (DTN) and treated with D-erythrodihydrosphingosine (inhibitor of Sphingosine kinases 1 and 2) (DTT), fed glucose and food to prevent hypoglycaemia, and subjected to the behavioural test including the 8-arm radial maze. RT-PCR was then used to assess the expression of pro-oxidant (8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine: 8-OHGD) and anti-oxidant (glutathione: GSH and superoxide dismutases: SOD) markers of oxidative stress. Results: The study compared GT with DTN and DTT in a maze task and showed that diabetes affects working memory in diabetic rats. GSH and SOD levels varied according to health status and treatments administered. High levels of GSH and SOD in DTT and DTN suggest high oxidative stress. Low levels in GTs indicate a normal state without significant oxidative stress. The study also found a significant difference between rat groups in the expression of 8-OHGD in the prefrontal cortex. Untreated diabetic rats had higher levels of 8-OHGD, indicating increased oxidative DNA damage due to the oxidative stress associated with diabetes. This shows that diabetes causes increased production of free radicals, leading to cell damage. Conclusion: This work shows that diabetes induces cognitive decline via oxidative stress.

ABSTRACT
Background: An inflammatory, prevalent, and chronic skin disease is psoriasis. The term "classic skin lesions" refers to the erythematous, scaly, and well-defined plaques that are frequently located on the extensor surfaces. There have also been several psoriasis variations reported, such as the guttate, erythrodermic, pustular, and palmoplantar types. Psoriasis is typically diagnosed clinically, although distinctive histologic findings include a lymphocytic infiltration, dilated blood vessels, and hyper- and parakeratosis of the epidermis. Although the exact cause of psoriasis is unknown, genetic and environmental factors have been linked to the immune-mediated disease. Many health advantages are associated with flavonoids, such as their antiviral, anticancer, and antioxidant qualities. They also have cardio- and neuroprotective properties. The kind of flavonoid, its (potential) method of action, and its bioavailability all affect these biological functions. These reasonably priced pharmaceutical ingredients contain substantial biological activities and have been shown to be beneficial for a range of illnesses. Purpose: The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of new flavonoid derivatives for their anti-psoriatic potential. Methodology: The scientific validation of the present work was conducted using a computational molecular docking analysis of the lead compounds luteolin, baicalein, and myricetin against the PDE4 enzyme. Result: The results of the current analysis indicate that the selected lead compounds are efficient anti-psoriatic agents, demonstrating binding affinities to the target protein PDE4 with binding energies of -7.269, -7.16, and -6.64 kcal/mol for baicalein, luteolin, and myricetin, respectively. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that each chosen lead compound for further study exhibited substantial inhibitory efficacy against PDE4, hence indicating its potential as an anti-psoriatic drug.

ABSTRACT
The use of plant-based natural products as medicine is a common practice in low income countries. In cultures Justicia carnea (JC) is mainly cultivated because of its perceived hematinic effect. The study involved a total of twenty-five wistar rats separated into five groups of five rats each. Group 1 served as control and received distilled water. Groups 2 to 5 received respectively a single oral dose of 30mg/kg indomethacin (Sabiu et al., 2015). While group 2 remained untreated (Indomethacin-only group), groups 3, 4 and 5 respectively received in addition 200mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg of JC leaf extract for 14 days. The results showed that at lower concentrations (200mg/kg and 500mg/kg) there were no significant changes in the measured hematological parameters. The 1000mg/kg JC caused significant rise in red blood cell count, packed cell volume and lymphocytes but depressed neutrophils without any significant effects on the platelet count. Conclusively, consumption of high concentrations of Justicia carnea leaves improves red blood cell count and thus possibly ameliorates indomethacin induced anemia in wistar rats. Although, JC leaves did not cause any significant changes in the platelet count, it significantly reduced neutrophils and elevated lymphocytes.

ABSTRACT
The significant phytochemical, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, antacid, anti-proliferative, therapeutic applications, antibacterial, and analgesic properties of Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC., family Fabaceae, were reviewed. The review describes the pharmacological and biological properties of Desmodium triflorum extracts in addition to their traditional usage. The strong antioxidant activity and the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase may be linked to various associated activities. Ursolic acid, Vitexin, Genistin, Fucosterol, and 2-Glucosylvitexin, are among the chemical elements of Desmodium triflorum that may contribute to the effects that have been documented. There is a need for more well planned, controlled clinical trials using formulations with phytochemical characterization. Additionally, the interest in different pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals sectors may be characterised by the unique bioactive substance's multiple biological potencies.