ABSTRACT
Introduction: Renal calculus is a solid mass of crystals that may block the urinary tract. Calcium and oxalate combine to create the majority of these crystals. These kidney stones pass via the urinary system to leave the body. Most stones may not certainly cause any symptoms or signs until they start moving toward the ureter. For detecting kidney stones twinkling artifact in Color Doppler Ultrasonography (CDU) is a useful sensitive instrument. The twinkling artifact's effect is highly dependent on machine settings and is probably created by phase (or clock) jitter. When illuminating specific rough reflecting surfaces during color Doppler imaging, this phenomenon is frequently seen. It appears as a distinct point of alternating colors that may or may not have a comet tail associated with it. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study was to detect renal calculous twinkling artifacts in color Doppler ultrasonography. Methods: This prospective clinical study was conducted at the Department of Radiology and Imaging in BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka, to detect the twinkling artifact in color Doppler ultrasonogram in the defection of renal calculus. The study period was one year, starting from 1st July 2013 to 30th June 2014. A total number of 59 clinically suspected subjects were selected by purposive sampling method. A consecutive selection method was followed for the selection of the participants. Result: This study was detected for the twinkling artifact in color Doppler ultrasonography. All the subjects were selected for the study by purposive sampling method. The findings derived from the data analysis are presented as tabular or figure format where necessary. Out of the total 54 patients, 35 (64.82%) were male and 19 (35.18%) were female. The mean age of the patients was (SD) ± 13.42 years their age ranged from 31 to 64 years. Diagnostic accuracy of Doppler twinkling artifact was found to be 95.83% with specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, ...........

ABSTRACT
Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPP) is a severe and necrotizing form of acute bacterial pyelonephritis with a life-threatening outcome. It is a rare condition, occurring preferentially in diabetic patients and linked to the development of anaerobic germs. There is a predominance of women (2/1). The CT scan is the best technique, which allows the positive diagnosis by the presence of gases in the renal parenchyma, in the collecting system or in the peri- renal spaces. The evolution of the disease is the basis of its radiological classification in 4 stages. The therapeutic attitudes diverge between surgical treatment, percutaneous drainage and conservative treatment.

ABSTRACT
Arborescent lipoma is a rare pseudotumor of the synovium, occurring idiopathically or sometimes in association with mechanical or inflammatory arthropathy. The preferred location is the knee, particularly in the suprapatellar recess. If the diagnosis is evoked, particularly in the presence of a chronic effusion, the diagnosis is based on an MRI examination which shows hypertrophy of the synovial villi which appear to have a fatty signal on all the sequences. However, confirmation of the diagnosis is based on synovial biopsy.

ABSTRACT
Epidermoid cyst (EC) of the testis is a rare benign tumor without malignant potential. The diagnosis can be made on ultrasound and MRI. In case of a single small lesion, conservative surgery is possible. It requires an anatomopathological confirmation per operative. It is a constantly benign tumor that must be differentiated from testicular teratomas, justifying the search for associated tumor contingents requiring orchiectomy.

ABSTRACT
Bertolotti syndrome is a congenital spinal anomaly characterized by an abnormal enlargement of one or both transverse processes (mega-apophysis) of the most caudal lumbar vertebrae that articles or fuses with the sacrum and/or iliac bone resulting in a pseudo-articulation. This is often a factor that is not addressed in the evaluation and treatment of low back pain. The presence of a lumbosacral transitional vertebra is a common finding in the general population with a prevalence between 4 and 30%. However, Bertolotti syndrome should be considered a differential diagnosis of low back pain. The pathophysiology, epidemiology and treatment should be the subject of general knowledge of physicians who often treat this disease.

ABSTRACT
Background: Globally, breast cancer among females is the number one cause of morbidity at 11.6% and is the leading cause of mortality at 6.6%. In Zambia, it is the most common malignancy among women. However, the demographic characteristics of suspected breast cancer female patients accessing ultrasound breast cancer services in Zambia are still unclear. Objective: This study aimed to determine the demographic characteristics of suspected female breast cancer patients. The demographic characteristics may then be used by responsible authorities such as the Ministry of Health (MoH) in Zambia and aligned Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as the Zambia cancer association in concentrating their efforts to curtail the scourge. Methods: Systematic random sampling was used for the selection of participants in this study. The selected participant’s demographic information was obtained from their medical records such as the medical files, Cancer Diseases Hospital (CDH) ultrasound register and University Teaching Hospital (UTH) histology registers. Further, the researcher personally interviewed the selected participants to obtain the demographic information required for the study. Results: The median age for the study participants was 43, with the interquartile range (IQR)=36-50. The median parity status was 3, with IQR=1-5. The majority of breast cancer patients were married (57) (55.9%) and employed (80) (78.4%). There was no significant difference in education level and classification of residence for study participants between participants with a histology-positive and histology-negative result, P greater than 0.05. Conclusion: This study has found evidence that the reproductive age group, low to no parity status, married marital status and employed employment status are associated with breast cancer. Education level and classification of residence did not show any association with breast cancer in this study.