ABSTRACT
In bovines the economic losses mainly due to the outbreak of diseases, leads to mortality, morbidity, treatment cost and reduced production. Recently in August month of 2024, received 13 bovine suppurativeotitis samples from outbreak in KuppamMandal of Chittoor district. The history having the purulent discharges with foul smell from ear infections of cattle that to crossbreed cattle of all age groups are affected. After 5 days of appearing aural discharges the animals were also shown the nervous signs, head tilting and other clinical findings includes unilateral or bilateral ear droop, epiphora, ptosis, abnormal nystagmus, strabismus, regurgitation, stiff neck, opisthotonus, facial hyperesthesia, purulent aural discharge, nasopharyngeal collapse, recumbency and finally death were noticed in severely affected animals. All the samples were processed for cultural tests by inoculating in PPLO selective broth and selective media PPLO agar then incubated anaerobically at 370C and observed the color development in broth pink to yellow color after 3- 5 days of incubation indicative of positive growth and fried egg micro colonies on selective PPLO agar media after 8-14 days of incubation observed under low power and 40X. The DNA was isolated from all the samples and screened for presence of Mycoplasma by targeting 16s rRNA gene and found that out of 13 samples 10 were positive for genus Mycoplasma and produced the predicted 280bp size product in all positive samples. The suppurativeotitis in cattle usually is caused by Actinomyces spp., Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, E. coli, Heamophilus, P.multocida, Pseudomonas spp, Streptococcus spp., and Mycoplasma bovis. This study was targeted only the emerging pathogen i.e the cellwall deficient bacteria Mycoplasma because of infections is hampered by a lack of effective vaccines and specific treatments, leads to increasing trends in antimicrobial resistance. Concluded that isolation and identification of the pathogenic ........

ABSTRACT
Background: Liver fibrosis is a critical health problem that can result in serious illness and death. L-carnitine (LC) is a naturally occurring compound which transports fatty acids through the inner mitochondrial membrane for consequent beta-oxidation. It acts as an antioxidant to lessen cellular oxidative stress. Carnitine is essential for the transfer of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane for subsequent β-oxidation. This study was carried out to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of LC via modulation of Nrf2 signaling and TLR4 targeting pathways in rats with liver fibrosis induced by Thioacetamide (TAA). Methods: Twenty-four adult male Wister rats were assigned into four groups as follows: Group 1 served as a normal non- treated control. Rats in group 2 were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with Thioacetamide (TAA) twice a week at a dose of 200 mg/kg B.wt for 6 weeks to produce liver fibrosis. Two weeks following TAA injections, 50 and 100 mg/kg of LC were administered to the rats in groups 3 and 4, respectively concurrently with TAA injections until end of the experiment (6 weeks). Results: Intraperitoneal injection of LC decreased the levels of liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in rats with liver fibrosis induced by TAA. Malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) levels were significantly decreased in LC treated groups. LC injection increased albumin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and glutathione (GSH) levels. Additionally, expression of Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) was increased and expression of TLR4 was decreased in LC treated groups according to PCR data. The biochemical findings were supported by histopathological findings. Regarding immunohistopathological examination, the LC treated groups reduced hepatic expression of caspase-3 an