ABSTRACT
One of the major contributors to poor fertility and fail to attain a one-year calving calendar of a dairy herd is inability to know all behavioral oestrus sign and ineffective detection of estrus. As behavioral oestrus sign and physical change is different between breed and even individual variability is there, knowledge of primary and secondary oestrus sign is crucial. Recently, it has become evident that cow factors contribute largely to low detection rates. Until now, standing behavior, a primary oestrus sign has been the only considered symptom and used to determine the right moment for insemination. However, standing behavior is not observed in more than 50% of the cows in estrus. Therefore, the aim of the study was to map out the different behavioural and physical signs of estrus manifested in Boran and Holstein Frisian dairy cow after hormonally oestrus induced. A total of 40 (20 Boran and 20 Holstein Frisian breed) 31 multiparous and 9 primiparous which are apparently healthy cattle were used to study behavioral and physical signs of estrus, diurnal variations in the occurrence of estrus and the effect of estrus intensity on conception rate (CR). Seven (78%) of nine primiparous cows showed standing oestrus in addition to secondary oestrus sign. The other two primiparous cows showed secondary oestrous signs only. Twenty-seven (87%) of thirty-one multiparous cows showed standing oestrous in addition to secondary oestrus sign and the other four cows showed secondary oestrous signs only. Standing to be mounted, the primary oestrus sign was more pronounced in Holistein friesian 90% (18/20) compared to Boran breed 65% (13/20). Parity wise, standing to be mounted was equally manifested in primiparous and multiparous animals regardless of breed. Regardless of parity, standing to be mounted (65, 90%) Vaginal mucus discharge (55,90%), Bellowing (20,25%), head and side mounting (15,25%), grouping and circling (40,70%), sniffing and liking (60,95%), chain resting.......

ABSTRACT
Community-based breeding programs (CBBP) have been viewed as attractive breeding strategies, resulting in significant improvements in the performance of small ruminants and the income of producers in many parts of the world. As part of these interventions, a community-based breeding program was implemented on Abera sheep mostly reared in the region since 2013. An interview was conducted with 188 sheep producers (91 CBBP members) and 97 non-CBBP members) to know the contribution of CBBP in terms of sheep flock performance improvement and income of sheep producers in the Hula and Dara districts of Sidama region. Focused group discussions with 6–8 individuals in each breeder cooperative were separately made to complement the survey results. CBBP households owned significantly (p<0.05) larger sheep heads (7.28 versus 4.99) than non-CBBP members. CBBP households further had more market participation, sold significantly (p<0.05) higher average sheep (2.4 versus 1.3), and consequently earned significantly (p<0.05) higher annual income (ETB 3877) than non-participating (ETB 2007) households. The majority of CBBP households (85%) observed a better twining rate for their sheep flocks since they joined the breeding program. The average age of 8.63 months of a lambing interval, 7.9 months of ram maturity for breeding, and 10.42 months needed for a ram to achieve market age before implementation of the breeding program were significantly (p<0.05) reduced to 7.31 months, 6.2 months, and 7.69 months, respectively, after sheep producers started a selective breeding program. Low market integration (0.28), sheep mortality (0.21), feed shortage (0.20), low institutional support and coordination (0.17), and managerial problems of the committee (0.13) were major problems with the ranking index in parenthesis. Despite the significant contribution of the breeding program to sheep producers, the current study found weak and unsustainable institutional support for proper breeding ..........

ABSTRACT
A cross sectional study was conducted from January 2018 to June 2018 with the aim of determining the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis and identifying the circulating species of trypanosomes and possible risk factors in and around Zenzelima, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Blood samples collected from a total of 74 cattle with different breed, age and sexes were subjected for trypanosomiasis screening using thick and thin smear methods. The overall prevalence of trypanosomiasis was found to be 4.1%. Trypanosoma vivax, was the only species found in the study area. Cattle with poor body condition were highly infected (4.1%) than medium body conditioned animals (0.0%) with (P=0.031) indicating a statistically significant association. High prevalence was observed in Gediro village (2.7%) followed by Sefatira. However; there are no positive cases detected in Sesaberet village. High prevalence of infection was observed in cross breeds (2.7%) than local breeds (1.4%), however; it was statistically insignificant. Prevalence was slightly higher in females (2.7%) than males (1.4%). Likewise, prevalence rate was higher in adult (2.7%) than in young (1.4%) cattle. Although the current prevalence of trypanosomiasis in the study area is low, treatment of sick animals and vector control strategies should be implemented, particularly in Gediro area.