ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and pathology of coccidiosis in goats in the Khartoum State, and the influence of age, sex and oocysts load on the infection rate. A hundred faecal samples were directly collected from the rectum during September – December 2018, from goats rearing industry in Khartoum state .The animals were grouped according to sex and age group. Oocysts were detected using the floatation method; the Mc Master method was used for oocysts count. Length, width and size were measured by calibrated microscope attached to computer for the parasite identification. On the other hand, 100 samples of intestines were collected for gross and microscopic examination, from Albaraka slaughterhouse in Omdurman. The gross intestinal lesions were reported and sections for histopathology were made according to standard methods. The results revealed that the overall prevalence was 79%.Eimeria species identified were: E.ninakohlyakimovae, (41.6%). E. aspsheronica (16%), E. caprovina (16%), E.christenseni (12.5%), E. hirci (8%), E. jolchijevi (4%).According to age, adult goats had significantly lower prevalence than kits. However, kits expressed significantly higher mean of oocyst loud, while adults showed lower means of oocysts loud .The study indicated that no significance difference between male and female infection. The macroscopic examination revealed white scattered nodular lesions of coccidiosis observed from the external surface of the affected areas, along with thickening of the intestinal mucosa. Microscopic examination revealed different developmental stages of Eimeria are found filling all epithelial cells of the villi with sloughing and destruction of the villi. Coccidiosis in goats was found high in Khartoum State. Kids are more susceptible to infection. It is recommended that the proper management is necessary for control of coccidiosis and the animals should be separated according to the age group to avoid the infection.

ABSTRACT
Smoking remains a global health problem because it has negative impacts either on health or economy. Smoking has various forms or types of which cigarette and waterpipe smoking are mostly prevalent. The main objectives of the present study were to investigate the histological changes resulting from exposure to cigarette and waterpipe smoking on rat trachea, and to investigate the ameliorating effects of using Ammi visnaga in reversing the adverse effects of smoking. Animal smoking model was created based on male rats that were randomly assigned in to different groups (N=8). Groups included control group, cigarette smoking group, waterpipe smoking group, cigarette smoking group treated with Ammi visnaga, and waterpipe smoking group treated with Ammi visnaga. Smoking protocol was applied for 1 month. At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed, trachea was isolated and placed in formalin (10%) for fixation, and tissue sections were prepared using Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. Results showed that smoking either cigarette or waterpipe had negative impacts on tracheal tissue in terms of disruption of cilia, or amalgamation of cilia. Heavy infiltration of lymphocytes was observed. The use of Ammi visnaga showed health effects by lowering the infiltration rate of lymphocytes and partial recovery of epithelial cells and reversing impacts on cilia. Taken together, this study, May for the first time, showed the importance of using Ammi visnaga in the improvement of histological changes induced by smoking models on tracheal tissues of smoking rats.

ABSTRACT
This research aimed to analyze the effect of transport media and post-mortem storage time on the quality of Bali mongrel dogs spermatozoa. Coconut water and saline solution were used as the transport medium for the epididymal samples, and sperm quality parameter analysis was carried out as well as after one hour and two hours. Testicles from 18 (2-4 years old) mongrel dogs were collected via a castration program were used in this study. From each dog, the testicles were transported in different transported media to the laboratory. One testicle was maintained in sterile saline solution, where the other testicle was in coconut water, and sperm quality parameter analysis was carried out as well as after one hour and two hours. Epididymal sperm was harvested through flushing using an egg yolk tris extender. The motility of sperm was evaluated by adding a drop of semen on a warm glass slide covered with a glass slip and viewed at a magnification of x40. Liveability and abnormality of sperm were assessed by the eosin–nigrosin stained technique. Motility and viable spermatozoa could be recovered after two hours in coconut water and saline solution, although motility decreases significantly after two-hour storage time. It is concluded that coconut water and saline solution have a protective effect on epididymal sperm. Motile and viable spermatozoa can be recovered from the epididymides after storage at transport media for two hours.