ABSTRACT
Holistically, philosophy highlights quality assurance concepts of critically thinking and finding solutions to divergent humanity issues. The review approach analyzed Sun Tzu’s contributions compared with the characteristics of other renowned Western and Classical Chinese Philosophers on questions formulation, seeking understating to complex issues and finding answers. Influential Sun Tzu’s ideologies enormously transformed China’s militarism, sprawled worldwide through infusion of adventive morality in political administration, defense intelligentsia, business/ environmental planning, strategically propelled by religion (Taoism), spiritual existence, intuitive tactfulness as elucidated in “The Art of War” book. The dynamic world could innovatively optimize/exploit Sun Tzu’s ideologies by integrating with Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs).

ABSTRACT
Massive expansion of urban areas leads to land use/land cover (LULC) changes which significantly alter the hydrology of river basins. Yet, systematic and logical information on the spatio-temporal dynamics of urban LULC changes of African river basins, Kenya inclusive is scanty. This study established the spatio-temporal dynamics in urban LULC change in Nanyuki and Likii sub-catchments in the Upper Ewaso Ng’iro North River Basin from 1985-2018. This was achieved mainly using Landsat satellite images for 1985, 1995, 2008 and 2018, topographic, Open Street and urban plan maps. A pixel based supervised classification using Maximum Likelihood Algorithm and post-classification comparisons were used in the analysis. The study established eleven LULC types, seven of which were urban and four non-urban. In 1985, urban LULC types occupied a relatively small portion of 869Ha (3.4%) but continuously expanded in all directions. Residential LULC registered the highest overall change of 2176.2Ha (8.5%). Overall annual rate of urban LULC change was established at 0.42% with period 1995-2008 having the highest annual rate of 0.98%. These findings can be incorporated in urban spatial planning and in the assessment of the effect of the continuous urban land expansion on the river basin hydrology.

ABSTRACT
To evaluate the impact of human-induced disturbances on the biodiversity of the Bafut-Ngemba Forest Reserve, data on tree species, the identity and number of plants per species were collected from an undisturbed and a disturbed forest fragment using transects. A total of 78 individual trees of 20 species belonging to 17 families were recorded. The undisturbed site had 72.22% of the tree species and 70.51% of individual trees. The most common tree species were Eucalyptus grandis, Pinus wallichiana, and Persea americana while Rosaceae and Fabaceae were the dominant families. Eucalyptus grandis, which was the most abundant tree species with a relative density of 12.82%, was found exclusively in the disturbed fragment. Fifty-five percent (55%) of the tree species were categorized as either rare (1.00 ≤ Relative Density ≤ 2.99) or occasional (3.00 ≤ Relative Density ≤ 3.99). Margalef species richness index was 9.04 for the undisturbed site and 5.74 for the disturbed. While Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 2.65 and 1.13 for the respective sites, Sørensen’s similarity coefficient indicates that the two fragments were only 20.69 % similar. It is hoped that the findings will prompt forest managers and decision makers to put in place mitigating measures and safeguards against a decline in flora of the ecosystem under imminent challenges associated with an expected increase in human population.