ABSTRACT
Background: One of the most common conditions is PLID (prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc, chronic lumbar back discomfort caused by disorders of the vertebral column in the elderly low back pain, sciatica, quadra equines syndromes, nerve root compression causes radicular pain and, as a result, neurological impairment that leads to radiating pain up to whole lower limb. Traction has been used as a mechanical intervention since antiquity Since Hippocrates' day, various techniques of spinal traction have been documented for pain management. Objective: To compare effect of with or without pelvic traction during the management of PLID patient. Method: Randomized Clinical Trial The research was conducted at Dhaka Medical College Hospital's Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in Dhaka, Bangladesh. All the patients who were presented with PLID in an 18 to 50 years old age group, both sexes attending in Dhaka Medical College Hospital's Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation were included as study population. A total of 70 people were diagnosed with PLID and were treated. Fulfilled the selection criteria were taken as study population and divided into two groups of 35 patients. Results: Among the 70 patients the bulk of the patients in group A were between the ages of 41 and 50. 16 (45.7%) and in group B, the bulk of the patients were between the ages of 41 and50, with 14(40.0%) instances falling into this category. There was no statistically significant difference in age between these two groups (p=0.050). Males were more prevalent than females in group A, with 25(71.4%) instances. The difference between these two group was not statistically significant (p=0.314). The mean score of Schober’s test before treatment were 3.8 ± 0.7 and 3.6 ± 0.7 (p=0.418). The mean score of Schober’s test 2 weeks after treatment were 4.8 ± 0.8 and 4.5 ± 0.6 (p=0.082). The mean score of Schober’s test 4 weeks after treatment were 5.2 ± 0.8 and 4.7 ± 0.7 (p=0.012). ...

ABSTRACT
The “buried penis” is the common name given to a rather infrequent congenital penile malformation that may present different aspects. Functionally normal and generally of normal size, the buried penis, by its concealment within the fat and the pubic and penile scrotal skin, may cause great anxiety to the Parents, as it may also do, in later life, to the Patient himself. We present a typical Patient with a buried penis associated with marked phimosis, to demonstrate 2 techniques: one to correct the sunk and hidden penis, and the other to correct the phimosis, with the mesh graft principle, so avoiding sacrificing prepuce skin, what would be disastrous in such a Patient.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Retained surgical suture needle during repairs of episiotomies or vagina tears is rare. Blind exploration can be demanding and is associated with massive dissection and hemorrhage. The aim is to present three cases encountered at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza Tanzania and their management. Case Presentation: Three peri-partum cases encountered with retained needles within the same week; one post-episiotomy and two post-perineal tears repair.The first two cases underwent blind exploration of the retained needle without success. Panel discussions by the attending Obstetricians and Trauma Surgeons came up with consensus of exploring the retained needle under x-ray fluoroscopic imaging. All the three cases underwent x-ray fluoroscopic imaging exploration with successful retained needles retrieved without significant dissection or hemorrhage. Conclusion: Image guidance using x-ray fluoroscopic imaging is time saving with a higher success rate and minimal complications than blind exploration. Early disclosure of a retained needle during the repair of an episiotomy or a perineal tear is very important in order to avoid retrieval complications and medico-legal implications.

ABSTRACT
Background- vitreous haemorrhage is a complication of many ocular pathologies. Its incidence, etiology and burden varies among different parts of our country. Aim- the objective of this study is to find out the etiological factors of vitreous haemorrhage in a tertiary care centre of North India. Materials and methods- study comprised of 52 eyes of 52 patients with vitreous haemorrhage. Patients of all age groups were included in the study. Patients who have received prior treatment for vitreous haemorrhage were excluded. Local examination including BCVA, indirect ophthalmoscopy, B-scan USG was done to find out the cause of vitreous haemorrhage. This was aided by thorough history taking and systemic evaluation to rule out any systemic disorder. Results- our study revealed male population to be more prone to vitreous haemorrhage. Blunt trauma emerged as the most common cause of vitreous haemorrhage(24.5%) followed by proliferative diabetic retinopathy(17%) and hypertensive retinopathy(15.1%). Conclusion- ocular trauma is a leading cause of vitreous haemorrhage and all cases should undergo B scan ultrasonography for early diagnosis and intervention should be done on individual case basis.