ABSTRACT
Grand development projects sometimes result in the forced relocation of people. The relocation is usually stressful in terms of marginalization and social disarticulation, and more so for pastoral communities. The RAPland village at Olkaria, Kenya, was created to accommodate 155 households that were displaced by the development of a geothermal electricity generation plant. The study aimed to explain how relocation constrained resources for extensive pastoralism and how pastoralists cope through adaptation of old pastoralists' knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions and the creation of new strategies for resilient livelihoods using the case of the RAPland Community. Household surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and field observation were used to gather required information. It documented information on land, pasture, and water availability and access. It also assessed livestock production challenges before and after the resettlement and adopted coping strategies. Statistical package for social scientists (version 21) software was used in analysing the data after the screening and cleaning were done using Microsoft Excel (2019). There was a general perception that pastures and water availability were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the relocation. Besides, herders and their herds travelled longer distances, from a mean of 3.2 ±0.29 to 8.1 ±0.41 kilometres to access pastures. Before the relocation, the highest-ranking constraints were drought, livestock diseases, pasture inadequacy, and wildlife predation. After the relocation, access to water, poor pastures, grazing terrain (gulleys), wildlife predation, drought, and livestock diseases became the significant constraints affecting livestock productivity. In conclusion, the reduction in pastures and water access affected livestock productivity in spite of attempts at coping with encountered livestock challenges, the community's dependence on pastoral livestock is threatened, thus, their food and

ABSTRACT
N is the nutrient that is applied in the greatest quantity to increase crop yields. Having a soil analysis that allows estimating the N needs of the crop would have economic and environmental benefits. The measurement of total C, total N and the content of N-nitrates are part of the analytical protocol that is carried out in pre-sowing for diagnostic purposes. However, the relationship between these measurements and actual N mineralization in the field is only approximate. To improve the estimation of N availability, it is necessary to consider the initial inorganic N and the mineralized N (Nmin) during the growing season. The search for an accurate predictor of Nmin that can be done quickly in the laboratory has sparked interest in measuring N in short anaerobic incubations or Nan. In this article, the soil properties that intervene in the N mineralization process that affect the measurement of Nan are exposed to know the scope: advantages and disadvantages of the inclusion of Nan in the routine protocol for diagnostic purposes for its use as a predictor of mineralized N during the crop cycle.

ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted in Khoy as split factorial based on complete random block design in three iterations. In order to study the effect of iron(Fe), zinc(Zn), and boron(B) on the yield and quality of sugar beet. Experimental treatments included the use of Fe as main terrace at three level (0,75 and 150 Kg/ha) and Zn at two level (0 and 100 Kg/ha) and B at two level (0 and 20 Kg/ha) as secondary terrace. The interaction between Fe and Zn were also significant on the impurity rate of harmful nitrogen and the interaction between Fe and B were significant on the sugar yield and the impurity rate of harmful nitrogen. The interaction of zinc and boron was also significant on the root performance, the impurity rate of harmful nitrogen, and the purity of the raw syrup and Alkalinity. Iron, Zinc and boron had significant effect on Alkalinity and sugar content in malasses. The maximum root yield was obtained by using 100 and 20 kg/ha of zinc and boron, respectively. The maximum rate of purity of the raw syrup was obtained by using of Zinc with 20 kg/ ha of Boron. The maximum rate of impurity in harmful nitrogen was obtained by using 150 kg/ha of Iron and nonuse of Zinc. They highest percentage of Alkalinity was obtained with 150 kg/h iron, 100 kg/h Zinc and 20 kg/h of Boron. The results showed that the quantitative and qualitative yield of sugar beet has increased by using the micro nutrient elements.

ABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate awareness of feed regulations and its impact on quality of feed resources by feed dealers. Using a cross-sectional survey, 40 feed dealers were randomly selected from five sub-counties of Mukono District. Data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics to characterize feed dealers, and their awareness of the regulations guiding feeds industry. Logistic regression model was used to assess factors affecting awareness of feed regulations by feed dealers. Results shows that majority (60%) of the feed dealers were aware of the regulations guiding feed industry. Suppliers were the major (62.5%) source of information and delivery of quality feeds services to farmers (57.4%), among others, were the foremost feed regulations mentioned and followed by feed dealers. Distance to the main access road (P≤0.05), access to credit (P≤0.05), access to extension services (P≤0.05), access to water (P≤0.05), membership to group (P≤0.001), and record keeping (P≤0.05) significantly influenced awareness of feed regulations by feed dealers. Majority (60%) maintained the storage facilities with no vermin (32.50%), pallets were placed on ground (30%), proper ventilation (17.5%), routinely scouted and controlled the pathogens (12.5%), and used recommended packaging containers (7.5%). There was a strong positive relationship between awareness and feeds mixing (79.8%), transportation (90.8%), grade/state of raw materials used (72.4%), and business rules and regulation (81.0%). Results also showed a negative relationship between awareness and state of storage facility (69.3%) and mechanization (80.5%). In conclusion, most feed dealers were aware of the feed regulations, and distance to the major access road, and membership to group, among others, were the major determinants of factors affecting awareness of feed regulations by feed dealers.

ABSTRACT
Adequate knowledge about honey bee flora is important for beekeeping this study was under taken to identify and document honeybee plants in West Arsi and East Shoa Zone using melissopalynological analysis of honey samples, pollen collection, plant inventory, structured questionnaires and field observation. Eighteen honey samples were collected from different parts of the zones. Out of 18 samples, 14 were identified as monofloral honeys and 4 as multifloral honeys. This indicated that there is high diversity of honeybee plant species in 4 honey samples that give flowers in the same season contributing for production of multifloral honey and 14 samples were dominated by few major honeybee plants due to their abundance in addition to their quality for honey production. Fifty eight (58) plants species were identified as honey source plants based on melissopalynological analysis of honey. Of 58 species, Guizotia scarba (89.7%). Eucalyptus (69.2%) Eucalyptus camadulensis (66.2%) Acacia tortolis (60.9%) Schefflera Abyssinia (70.2%) and Croton macronstachys (57.2%) provided mono-floral honey. The flowering calendar of the zone indicated two major honey flow periods from April to June and September to November. The scarcity of honeybee forages were observed in July to mid of August and January to February and mid of March. In many districts of the zone, herbaceous honeybee forage species were the dominant honey source plants in September to November. While, in March to May majority of honey source plants were trees and shrubs due to the phonological patterns of plants. To apply seasonal honeybee colony management, beekeepers should manage honeybee colonies following phonological pattern of honeybee plants. Beekeeping based agro forestry practices on cultivated rain fed land, and selection of plant species that can resist drought and bear (set) flower for a long season should be introduced in all land use types.

ABSTRACT
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is the most important source of protein, oil and also cash for poor farmers. Lack of improved variety and optimum phosphorus fertilizer rate are the most important limiting factor for the productivity of soybean. Therefore, an experiment was carried out at Omo Kuraz-1 Sugar Development Project during 2018 cropping season to determine the effect of phosphorus (P) fertilizer levels on yield and yield related traits of soybean varieties. Factorial combination of three soybean varieties (Nova, Awassa-04 and Gazolia) and four rates of P fertilizer (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg P205/ha were laid out in a RCBD with three replications. Data were collected for yield and yield components and analyzed using Statistical analysis software (SAS and Genstat). The analyses of variance showed that there was significant difference (p≤ 0.001) among the varieties for the entire tested parameters, indicating the presence of ample genotypic variation among then Awassa-04 Variety produced significantly high grain yield (1183 Kg ha-1 as compared to Gazolia (950 Kg ha-1) and Nova (566 Kg ha-1). Interaction of variety Awassa-04 with 69 Kg P205 ha -1 showed maximum grain yield (1352 Kg ha-1) while the minimum value (403 Kg ha-1) was recorded for interaction of Nova variety with 0 kg P205 ha-1. Based on the economic analysis phosphorus fertilizer application at rate of 69 Kg P205 ha –1 resulted in highest marginal rate of return (350.9%). Therefore, it was conclude that phosphorus fertilizer application at rate of 69 Kg P205 ha-1 can be recommended for the study area. However, further study should be done on different rate of phosphorous to come up with a more comprehensive recommendation.

ABSTRACT
he research study analyzed the effect of rural banditry on IFAD-CASP participating crop farmers in Zamfara State, Nigeria. Interview schedule was used to collect data from 360 respondents that were selected for the study. A multi stage and simple random sampling technique was used in selecting the respondents. Descriptive statistical tools (mean, percentages, frequency distribution) and inferential statistics (logic regression analysis, paired sample T-test and Spearman`s correlation coefficient) were used for data analysis. The results of the study reveals that majority of the respondents were married with an average household size of 8 persons and income level of less than N 20,000/month. Most of the respondents (50%) indicate that the conflict is very severe resulting to great economic, physical and social effects on the respondents. The results of ranking of effect of rural banditry on IFAD-CASP in the study area, indicates poor participation, increased rural poverty, poor supervision of programme, poor economic growth and poor information dissemination were ranked 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th respectively. It could be concluded that rural banditry poses poor economic growth, increased rural poverty, poor participation, and poor programme implementation and induces fear and uncertainty. The study therefore, recommend that urgent provision of adequate security personnel to Mann the porous borders, prompt enrollment of the vulnerable into government social investment programmes, organize training/seminars for peace building purpose and also government should register all mining site and their activities properly monitored.