ABSTRACT
The study was conducted at the Hill Agricultural Research Station, BARI, Khagrachari during the year 2017 to 2019. Thirty (30) genotype of Coffea canephora (syn. Coffea robusta) commonly known as robusta coffee from the existing coffee orchard of HARS, Khagrachari was selected for the study. The average height of evaluated line (CC Kha 001) was medium (4.31 m) and regular bearing shrub of small tree. The average width and length of leaf was 9.2 cm & 20.86 cm respectively with 1.6 cm of leaf petiole length. The average width and length of individual fruit was 1.28 cm & 1.16 cm respectively with 1.06 cm of thickness. Harvesting duration of fruit berry was mid-January to mid-February. The seed colour of evaluated coffee plant (CC Kha 001) was greenish brown with roundish shape. The average length and width of individual seed was 1.09 cm & 0.99 cm respectively with 0.75 cm of thickness. Average weight of 100 been was 100.33 gm. Average berry weight (kg) per trunk was 8.08 (kg/tree).

ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted at Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center under irrigated conditions during 2018, to evaluate the performance of tomato yield and yield components under an intercropping system with different basil planting densities and row arrangements. it was arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications each consisting of ten treatments: two basil row arrangements (one tomato row alternating with one basil row (1T:1B) or with two basil rows (1T:2B)) and four basil population densities (66666, 50000, 33333 and 16666 plants ha -1). Results of the study indicated that intercropping system significantly (p<0.05) affected the yield and yield components of tomato. Inter-cropped tomato with basil had the highest yield (36657.8 kg ha-1) as compared to sole cropped tomato (31004.3kg ha-1) and inter-cropping with basil increased its yield by 15.42%. Therefore, basil with a density of 33,333 plants ha-1and intercropped with tomato with 1T:1B row arrangement could be recommended for the wondo genet and similar agroecology area. However, the effect of tomato-basil intercropping on the incidence and severity of major tomato insects and diseases needs further study.

ABSTRACT
Tomato is one of the most important commercial and food vegetable crops in Ethiopia. Even though, the crop is dominantly cultivated in the rift valley area it also produced in the study area for local market. The crop is produced by the farmers by using varieties which the source is not known and poor in yield and low in disease tolerance. Hence, participatory variety selection through demonstration of four tomato varieties was conducted at Wondo Genet and Wondo woredas during 2020/2021. The experiment was conducted on station for researchers’ data collection by replicating three times and non-replicated plot basis for farmers’ evaluation. Four tomato varieties; Gelelima, Chali, ARP-d2 tomato and Melka salsa were used for evaluation purpose. The researcher data and farmers preferences were analyzed using SAS software and pair wise ranking respectively. The result showed that highest marketable fruit yield (49.83t ha-1) was obtained from Gelelima and the lowest (39.10t ha-1) was from the Melka salsa variety. Pair wise raking of farmers preference also, shown that Gelelima was the first and best variety according to their criterion at both locations. Therefore, based on the result obtained it is better and recommended to produce Gelelima tomato variety for the farmers of Wondo Genet and Wondo woreda and other similar agro-ecologies.

ABSTRACT
Bio-fertilizer are an important component of integrated nutrients management. Microorganisms that are used as bio-fertilizer components include; nitrogen fixers (N-fixer), potassium and phosphorus solubilizers, growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs), endo and ecto mycorrhizal fungi, cyanobacteria and other useful microscopic organisms. The use of bio-fertilizers leads to improved nutrients, water uptake, plant growth and plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic factors. This biological fertilizers would play a key role in productivity and sustainability of soil and also in protecting the environment as eco-friendly and cost effective inputs for the small holder farmers. Adding of the nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances are a good way to sustain our agricultural systems. Soil management strategies today are mainly dependent on inorganic chemical-based fertilizers, which cause a serious threat to human health and the environment. Bio-fertilizer has been identified as an alternative for increasing soil fertility and crop production in sustainable farming. The exploitation of beneficial microbes as bio-fertilizers has become of paramount importance in agricultural sector due to their potential role in food safety and sustainable crop production.

ABSTRACT
Field pea is among the leading pulse crops grown in the highlands of Ethiopia in area coverage and productivity, although its productivity is far below its potential due to several production constraints, including optimum fertilizer and spacing recommendations. A field experiment was conducted to refine and/or determine the economically optimum spacing and phosphorus level for Shero-type field pea production on Nitisols at Holeta in 2021 and 2022. A 2*2*3 complete factorial combination of intra-row spacing (5 and 10 cm), inter-row spacing (20 and 30 cm), and phosphorus fertilizer (0, 23, 46, 69, and 92 kg P2O5/ha) was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. P2O5 fertilizer and intra-row spacing main effects showed significant (p<0.05) effects on most of the studied parameters, while inter-row spacing main effects showed significant (p<0.05) effects only on hundred seed weight. The agronomic efficiency of P was highest at 46 kg P2O5/ha followed by 69 kg P2O5/ha over the non-fertilizer-applied treatment. Depending on the ANOVA and economic analysis results, the use of 69 kg P2O5/ha in combination with 10 cm intra-row spacing and 30 cm inter-row spacing (with a matching seed rate of about 73 kg/ha) was found to be optimum for row planting of Shero-type field pea on nitisols in Wolmera district and similar areas.

ABSTRACT
Recently, wheat research has been established in Ethiopia for irrigated areas with the goal of developing high-yielding, higher-quality wheat cultivars. Nonetheless, two of the most crucial production variables are the N rate and the seeding rate, both of which need for the determination of ideal rates. Hence, a field experiment was conducted to determine the optimum N rate and seeding rate for bread wheat production under irrigated conditions in West Shewa highland areas during 2020–21 on different soil types. A factorial combination of seeding rates (125, 150, and 175 kg/ha) and N rates (0, 23, 46, 89, and 111 kg/ha N) with consideration of 19 kg of N content in 100 kg NPS fertilizer that was applied uniformly for all experimental plots except for those without fertilizer (zero rate plot) at sowing. The experiment was laid out in an RCB design with three replications. Most of the interactions were non-significant for grain yield and other parameters, while the main effects of seeding rates and N rates showed a significant effect on grain yield and other parameters measured. The highest test weight, agronomic efficiency, and partial factor productivity were recorded for the black soil type. Agronomic efficiency showed an unpredictable trend, while partial factor productivity showed a decreasing trend with an increasing seeding rate and N rate. Depending on the agronomic and economic analysis results, it can be concluded that a seeding rate of 175 kg/ha and an N rate of 111 kg/ha were found to be optimal for the production of the wheat variety ‘Kakaba’ under irrigation in the highlands of west Shewa.

ABSTRACT
Artificial insemination is the manual placement of semen in the reproductive tract of the female by a method other than natural mating which is one of a group of technologies commonly known as “assisted reproduction technologies” whereby offspring are generated by facilitating the meeting of gametes (spermatozoa and oocytes). Artificial insemination is by far the most common method of breeding of intensively kept dairy cattle. In relation to the status, there is a big gap in biotechnology use in general between developed and developing countries, with Artificial insemination being the biotechnology most widely applied in developing countries as compared to other biotechnologies. In developed countries, advances in Artificial insemination have already had a major impact on livestock improvement programmers. Similarly, most developing countries express the wish to increase the utilization of Artificial insemination even though in many cases clear plans for incorporating this technology into animal genetic resource management are lacking. Artificial insemination speeds up genetic progress, reduces the risk of disease transmission and expands the number of animals that can be bred from a superior parent. In Ethiopia, even though this service has been in operation for over 30 years with different levels of intensification, its efficiency has remained at a very low level due to infrastructural, managerial and financial constraints and also due to poor heat detection, improper timing of insemination and embryonic death.