ABSTRACT
Leprosy is one of the endemic disease problems that is exacerbated by poor social stigma in society, causing many sufferers to be reluctant to come to health facilities. This causes delays in diagnosis and treatment of the disease. This study aims to describe the characteristics of leprosy patients hospitalized at the Leprosy and General Disability Hospital of the Mother of Perpetual Helper Naob. his type of research is a descriptive study that describes the characteristics of leprosy patients hospitalized in the Leprosy and General Disability Hospital Mother of Perpetual Helper Naob with variables of age, gender, occupation, education, type of leprosy, method of finding patients, history of first seeking treatment, contact history. Household and medical history. Techniques, Data analysis was carried out univariately. The results showed that the incidence of leprosy in the productive age group was 31%, male sex was 74%, elementary school education level was 79%, farmer occupation was 74%, Multibacillary leprosy type was 100%, how to find leprosy patients who came alone. By 85%, seeking treatment for the first time who had never received treatment by 87%, healthy household contacts by 100%, history of treatment while on MDT treatment by 69%.

ABSTRACT
The Covid-19 pandemic has had an impact on various fields of life, especially in the health sector. Health workers are at the forefront of dealing directly with patients so that they are most affected by the transmission of Covid-19, the transmission of Covid-19 transmission to health workers has become an issue in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic. In 2021-2022 at the Naibonat Health Center, 28 health workers were confirmed positive for Covid-19. The increase in these cases of course raises problems, especially the procurement of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for health workers which is very minimal. This study aims to describe the prevention of Covid-19 in health workers at the Naibonat Public Health Center in 2021, the type of descriptive research with purposive sampling technique. This study involved 6 health workers. Data collection techniques used by interviews, documentation, and distribution of questionnaires. Data analysis used qualitatively. The results showed that the availability of PPE at the Naibonat Health Center at the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2019 was still very minimal in terms of quantity (amount) and also puskesmas access to PPE, but after 2020-2022 the availability was sufficient because there was a lot of assistance from various institutions. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in preventing the transmission of Covid-19 at the Naibonat Health Center use the SOPs regulated by the Ministry of Health in 2020. Advice for health centers, although currently there are no difficulties in procuring PPE, it still requires careful planning in the procurement process in the future. future. This is because there is no certainty when the Covid-19 pandemic will end.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Tuberculosis is a transmissible infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. Ocular tuberculosis is rare representing between 1% to 18% of all forms of tuberculosis and only 0.3% of patients develop the orbital form. The focus is usually unilateral, we report through this observation a case of bilateral orbital tuberculosis in a 12 year old girl. Observation: A 12-year-old girl was admitted to the department of infectious and tropical diseases of the National Hospital of Zinder for long term fever and violent headache. The ophthalmological examination revealed a visual acuity of 1/10 on the right, absence of light perception on the left and bilateral exophthalmos. Biomicroscopic examination showed superficial punctate keratitis bilaterally, a normal fundus on the right and left atrophy. In view of the long-lasting fever and the biological inflammatory syndrome, the diagnosis of tuberculosis was evoked. The tuberculin intradermal test (IDR) was positive and the search for BK in the bronchial lavage revealed BAARs. HIV serology was negative. The standard chest X-ray was normal but the CT scan of the orbito- cerebral cavity showed two cystic foci with grade III exophthalmos. After 3 months of anticillary treatment the evolution was considered satisfactory. Conclusion: The orbital involvement of tuberculosis was generally unilateral, its bilateral localization is unusual. It must be systematically evoked in front of any case of bilateral exophthalmos especially in an infectious context in order to avoid irrevesible vsion loss.

ABSTRACT
Kupang City is an endemic area for mosquito vector-based diseases. The incidence of mosquito vector-based diseases has increased since 2017 with 32 cases per 100,000 population increasing in 2019 to 156 per 100,000 population and as of April 2020 there were 610 cases reported. The environment is one of the determinants of the incidence of mosquito vector-based diseases, both in the form of the physical, biological and social environment. Climate is classified in the physical environment that influences the pattern of mosquito vector-based disease. Certain climatic conditions can increase the risk of disease transmission. This study was carried out with the aim of knowing the effect of the variability of climatic factors in the form of air temperature, humidity and wind speed on the incidence of mosquito vector-based diseases in Kupang City in 2020. Analysis of the effect was carried out using secondary data, namely monthly mosquito vector-based disease data obtained from Eleven health centers in Kupang City and climate factors for the same period were obtained from the BMKG Climatology Station of Kupang City. Test the effect using multiple linear regression analysis partially (t test) and simultaneously (F test). The results of the t-test showed that air temperature and wind speed had no significant effect (significance = 0.714 and 0.889 > 0.05) while air humidity had a positive effect on mosquito vector-based diseases (significance = 0.001 < 0.05). Simultaneously, the F test showed that humidity had an effect on mosquito vector-based diseases (significance = 0.000 < 0.05).

ABSTRACT
Background: Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum are major causes of diarrhoeal diseases of humans worldwide and are included in the World Health Organization’s ‘Neglected Diseases Initiative’. Aim: This research was designed to assess the prevalence of G. lamblia and C. parvum co-infections among undergraduate Students of Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria. Methods: An aggregate of 120 faecal specimens were obtained from 120 partakers (60 females and 60 males) who met the inclusion criteria. The clinical and demographic data of the participants were compiled with the use of patterned survey. Diagnosis was carried out using standard laboratory methods for the detection of these parasites. Results: The outcome of this study shows that there was no record of G. lamblia and C. parvum co-infections among the study participants; however, G. lamblia and C. parvum mono-infection exist among the examined participants with a preponderance of 10% and 4.2%, respectively. There were no substantial differences (P>0.05) in the percentage occurrences of the two parasites established on the individual-level characteristics of the partakers. All participants who tested positive for mono-infection by each parasite had a history of diarrhoea (14.2%). Meanwhile, the 12(10%) participants who tested positive for G. lamblia mono-infection indicated abdominal pain (10), nausea and bloating (2.5%), presence of foul smelling watery stool (0.8%), presence of blood and mucus in stool (0.8%) and weight loss (0.8%). While all the 5 participants who tested positive for C. parvum indicated that they had only abdominal pain (4.2%). Significant risk factors associated with the occurrence of these parasitic infections include: lack of awareness, history of diarrhea, poor toilet hygiene, poor toilet-student ratio, as well as infrequent visits to the hospital for medical check-ups/laboratory tests. Conclusion: Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum co-infection does .......

ABSTRACT
Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is still a major health problem in Indonesia. The duration of TB treatment is 6-8 months, the long treatment period for TB disease causes many TB sufferers to be lazy to do routine treatment because they feel bored, tired, saturated, and depressed, causing stress and ultimately treatment is not optimal. Stress that is not handled properly can have a negative impact. There are several things that affect stress in individuals. One that affects stress is gender. Objective: To analyze the relationship between sex and length of treatment on stress in pulmonary tuberculosis patients at Oesapa Health Center, Kupang City. Methods: This study was an observational analytic study with a cross sectional study design conducted on pulmonary tuberculosis patients at Oesapa Health Center, Kupang City by filling in the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10) questionnaire. The sample in this study was 30 people. This research was analyzed by univariate, bivariate using the Chi-Square test. Results: The results of the Chi-Square Tests showed a significant value between sex and stress of pulmonary TB patients at Oesapa Health Center with a value of p = 0.548 or p> 0.05, a significant level between length of treatment and stress of pulmonary TB patients at Oesapa puskesmas = 0.681 or p> 0.05, which means that there is no relationship between length of treatment and stress in pulmonary TB patients at Oesapa puskesmas. Conclusion: There is no relationship between gender and length of treatment with stress in pulmonary tuberculosis patients at Oesapa Health Center.

ABSTRACT
Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In 2018, Indonesia ranked third in the highest incidence of pulmonary TB cases in the world. Patients with chronic diseases such as pulmonary TB often affect their quality of life. Changes in attitudes and stigma related to pulmonary TB by people around bring psychological and social impacts for pulmonary TB patients. Changes due to illness can affect various aspects of human life, which in turn has an impact on the patient's quality of life. Objective: To determine the relationship between sex and duration of treatment with the quality of life of pulmonary tuberculosis patients at the Oesapa Public Health Center, Kupang City. Methods: This type of research is a quantitative research. The design of this study was analytic observational with aapproach cross sectional to pulmonary tuberculosis patients who were undergoing treatment at the Oesapa Public Health Center, Kupang City. This sampling technique is Total Sampling with a total sample of 33 people. Data collection used medical records to see gender and duration of treatment and the World Health Organization Quality Of Life BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire to measure quality of life. Analysis of the data used is fisher's exact test. Results: Of the 33 respondents studied, the results of the bivariate analysis test for 2 variables, namely gender and duration of treatment with quality of life obtained p = 1,000 (p>0.05). Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between gender and duration of treatment with the quality of life of pulmonary tuberculosis patients at the Oesapa Public Health Center, Kupang City.