ABSTRACT
Cross-infection can occur during clinical practice with transmission of infectious agents between patients and health workers in a clinical environment. Transmission of dental infection can occur through infected air droplets, blood, saliva, and instruments contaminated with secretions etc. In this article we will discuss various dental infections and their control in dental practice.

ABSTRACT
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a heterogeneous inherited disorder that disturbs the developing enamel structure. This enamel anomaly affects both the primary and permanent dentitions. The purpose of the treatments is to eliminate tooth sensitivity while enhancing aesthetics and restoring masticatory function. Treatment planning is related to the age of the patient, the type and severity of the disorder, and the oral health of the patient. The aim of this article was to describe through a series of cases, the different diagnostic elements and the therapeutic management of children with AI.

ABSTRACT
In general, the consideration of titanium alloys plays a crucial role in bio-medical applications. From past decades, use of Ti-6Al-4V in bio-medical applications focused on dentistry, orthopaedic and cardiac implant applications. This research paper targets the bio-compatibility nature of titanium and its alloys. But, the permanent implant applications of titanium alloy results in toxic effects with the use of aluminium and vanadium. To free from these toxic effects, the free alloys of aluminium and vanadium is incorporated in implant applications.

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Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to caries and periodontal diseases due to their specific physiological conditions, as well as nutritional and hormonal changes. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors influencing oral and dental health in pregnant mothers in Rural Konkan, Maharastra. Methods: Cross-sectional Data was collected from 60 cases of ANC. This study was carried out in the department of Dentistry at BKL walawalkar hospital, diagnostic and research centre, dervan, Maharashtra. The prevalence of dental caries, gingivitis & periodontitis were studied in the oral cavity of antenatal care patients and to find associations of these with oral hygiene status, dental care knowledge, socioeconomic status and daily cleaning habit among pregnant women. Result: The prevalence of dental caries in the present study was found to be 4.5 where as mean DMFT INDEX 6.17.The mean OHI-S was 2.79. Periodontitis in ANC cases were found to be highly significant. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates poor oral hygiene and high prevalence of periodontal diseases. Therefore improving the oral health of pregnant women will prevent the complications of pregnancy associated dental disease.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Problem-Based learning (PBL) pedagogy is one of the most significant development in education and has been introduced worldwide into many dental school’s curricula since 1990s. The research that has been carried out on PBL in dentistry especially with application of knowledge in clinical learning is still limited. Aims: The aim of the study was to assess the undergraduate dental students’ perception of PBL implemented during their clinical years and analyse if PBL plays a role in application of their knowledge to improve – diagnostic, clinical reasoning and treatment planning skills. Methodology: Following ethical approval, using purposive sampling, a total of 18 students from fifth year dental undergraduate who attended the PBL sessions were asked to participate in focus group interviews. Transcripts of the audio-recordings were coded and analysed using thematic analysis. Results: The five major themes identified: PBL transition, Clinical learning including diagnostic, clinical reasoning and treatment planning skills, Strengths, Weaknesses and Improvements in PBL process considering positive and negative aspects. Overall, students had positive perception about the PBL process and also agreed that it helps in clinical learning such as diagnostic and treatment planning aspect. Although some concerns were raised such as PBL was stressful, time consuming, difficult to correlate in twinning programme, and complex PBL cases. Conclusions: The implication of this research findings will be useful for PBL and curriculum committee to modify PBL curricula and to develop PBL problems in order to benefit future dental students and also to achieve the intended clinical learning objectives.

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This article provides data on the use of black cumin oil (Arkady) in the treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity. The data of clinical, radiological and biochemical research methods are presented. As a result of the study, it was found that clinical improvements (bleeding, bad breath, tooth mobility, periodontal pocket) occur already 2-3 days from the start of treatment, and in the comparison group, where traditional therapy was used, the improvements begin after 8-10 days from the moment of treatment. X-ray data (orthopantomography) allows us to conclude that there is an improvement in cortical plates, a decrease in the foci of osteoporosis by 2-3 months after the start of treatment. Moreover, in the comparison group there was an alternation of foci of osteosclerosis with osteoporosis. Biochemical parameters also indicate an improvement in antioxidant defense processes in patients of the main group than in the comparison group. The results are presented, the corresponding conclusions are made.

ABSTRACT
This article presents data on the effect of osteotropic materials on the course of chronic generalized periodontitis and features of the surgical tactics of treating this disease. Data on 3-D computed dental tomography are presented taking into account the determination of bone mineral density, which may become a priority in radiology and surgical dentistry. The effectiveness of using the T-criterion of densimometric analysis as a kind of marker in the assessment of both short-term and long-term forecasts of surgical treatment is confirmed. The results are presented, the corresponding conclusions are made

ABSTRACT
Purpose: Snoring contemplated to be sleep disordered breathing (SDB) owing itself to physical and structural and functional changes in both hard as well as soft tissue components in orofacial and pharyngeal regions. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with 30 males and 30 females and all the 60 participants were distributed equally into 3 age groups: 21-30 years, 31-40 years and 41-50 years. Digital lateral cephalogram were produced and analyzed. Parameters analyzed were length and maximum width of soft palate and distance to pharynx from maximum width and tip of soft palate. Distance of pharynx from tip of soft palate was also compared among snorers and non snorers. Results: Length and maximum width of soft palate was found to be more in both snorers and non snorers male population compared to female population. Distance to pharynx from maximum width was found to be marginally more among female snorers and non snorers. Age group variations although statistically insignificant and no definite co relation could be established pharyngeal space was found to be more in third decade of life as compared fourth and fifth decades. Conclusion: Lateral cephalometric analysis was henceforth proved to determine marginal soft tissue changes and also having an advantage of having cost effectiveness and less detrimental owing to reduced exposure parameters with help in opening the gates for more understanding of age and gender influences among snorers.