ABSTRACT
Introduction: Epulis is a benign, circumscribed, gingival pseudo tumor located at the neck of one tooth or two adjoining teeth. It is a gingival outgrowth resulting either from local irritation, or from hormonal or hematological variations. It is generally of small size but can reach a considerable volume leading to significant functional and aesthetic discomfort. Observation: A 12-year-old patient living in Mauritania, who presented at the odontostomatology service of the Grand Yoff General Hospital in Dakar, Senegal, a giant tumor of the gum evolving for several years. Clinical and radiological data permitted us to give a diagnosis of a giant epulis. Excision was done under general anesthesia with a good evolution noted. Discussion: Epulis generally has an evocative clinical aspect. However, when large, epulis can cause; difficulties in hygiene control, dental displacement and or mobility, aveolar bone lysis and total loss of the tooth or teeth, as well as infections. Surgical excision is the treatment method of choice. However, there can be recurrence in case of incomplete treatment. Conclusion: The giant epulis can occur at any age. It causes both aesthetic and functional damage. It is important to set up health strategies in order to facilitate their management.

ABSTRACT
Imperfect amelogenesis (IA) is an inherited disorder that impairs the development of the structure of enamel. This congenital disorder is characterized by an amelar alteration which can take several clinical forms. This clinical study outlines the diagnosis, treatment plan and prosthetic rehabilitation in a 21 year old young woman with AI. The dental evaluation, carried out after the clinical and radiographic examination, confirmed the diagnosis of hypomineralized IA. The treatment consisted of prosthetic rehabilitation (to be specified). Rigorous monitoring was done during (a period of… to be specified) to assess functional adaptation. At the end of this follow-up period, the patient said that she was satisfied with her prosthesis, in terms of aesthetics, function and phonation.

ABSTRACT
Like the majority of countries in the world, Tunisia struggle against the coronavirus pandemic. Since March 22, 2020, Tunisia has passed to stage 3 of the coronavirus pandemic.Consequently, the Tunisian government has declared total containment until May 4, 2020. The hospital-university of dental clinic of Monastir is a Tunisian public hospital-university institution providing basic care (140000 patients last year) and learning for dental students (1546 students). Due to the characteristics of dental settings, the risk of cross infection may be high between dental practitioners and patients. That's why strict and effective infection control protocols were urgently needed .Thereby, we have sought within our faculty to put in place strategic measures in order to provide optimal care for our patients and the smooth learning of our students while preserving the health of all. The aim of this article is to introduce the essential knowledges about COVID-19 and to provide recommended management protocols for dental practitioners and students in (potentially) affected areas based on our experiences, relevant guidelines and research.

ABSTRACT
The two mechanotheray used in orthodontics, i.e labial and lingual orthodontics are basically the two sides of a same coin. The discovery of lingual orthodontics gained popularity because of the most esthetic demands of the patients. This technique has been used by the orthodontist since last 30 years. The patient for invisible orthodontics technique have a different criteria right from the beginning to end i.e patient selection, diagnosis and treatment planning, bonding techniques, the arch form. From past few years the authors present progress in this field with the evolution of brackets, their precise placement in the lab procedures, the making procedure of wires which increases patient's comfort. This article, a brief review regarding the history, criteria, diagnosis, laboratory procedure and the biomechanics involved in lingual orthodontics have been discussed.

ABSTRACT
Various dental specialists are involved in dental implant placements for either a fixed or a removable prosthetic restoration. The location of placement is an important judgement that based on a proper clinical and radiographic examination. With advances in computed tomography the use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been seen as a significant step in minimizing improper implant placements. We present a case of an elderly patient wearing a dissatisfactory mandibular complete denture mainly due to severely resorbed mandibular residual alveolar ridge. A diagnostic CBCT confirmed the bone volume present at the future implant site predicting the use of a 3.5 mm by 8 mm implant fixtures. New complete dentures were fabricated followed by two stage surgery of placing implants. After a period of 5 months, two abutments (ball) were placed and the denture was retained on the abutments using an O ring. The patient was put on regular follow up for a period of one year.

ABSTRACT
Excessive partial edentulous space in the region of missing teeth pose challenges in proportioning of dental restorations. The presence of diastema in natural dentition is generally distributed uniformly in dental arches. Missing teeth in such natural dentitions require duplication of diastemas to create an esthetic balance. An implant supported single crown is a conservative treatment option but patients usually need immediate treatment in such cases, rather than waiting for months. We present a case of a young adult who had lost a maxillary right central incisor due to trauma related periapical infection. Diagnostic wax up on a mounted cast revealed a compulsory incorporation of diastemas within the planned fixed partial denture. Spacing between the three unit porcelain fused to metal restoration was successfully accomplished with the use of a loop connector.

ABSTRACT
Diabetes is a common metabolic condition that is frequently encountered by dental practitioners and hospital health care workers. India has a large diabetic population of the world and also has one of the largest geriatric populations. Oral manifestations are rare and occur only if and when the underlying metabolic condition is untreated or neglected. Elder neglect of children has started being reported by medical professionals. This article presents a case of a 67 year old female patient who presented with a chief complaint of oral ulcerations along with xerostomia, dysphagia and glossodynia. Suspicion of neglect (self or by children) was investigated in diagnostic procedure using the mode of an interview. Oral manifestations included a mix of large and small ulcers, those with an inflammatory component being painful while others painless. Elder neglect was diagnosed at stage 1 of treatment and new anti diabetic drug regimen was prescribed to her with diet control.

ABSTRACT
Many clinical trials & case control studies have been published about the effectiveness of Homoeopathic remedies for oral & maxio facial problems. In dentistry, Homoeopathic remedies have been proposed for oral ulcers, sialorrhoea, neuralgia, tempro mandibular joint disorders, xerostomia, oral lichen plannus & bruxism. It is incumbent on physicians to be aware of & to have working knowledge of complementary medicine that has become a rule rather than exception especially in dentistry. The current case is an example of this complementarity. Homoeopathy is useful for toothache, early dental abscess, dry socket, diseases of pulp & periapical region, trigeminal neuralgia, post-surgical bleeding, decay of milk teeth.The current case is such an example where both Allopathy & Homoeopathy systems of medicine were used simultaneously. One study mentions that Homoeopathic medicines can be taken together with allopathic drugs without causing interaction between them.

ABSTRACT
Anxiety to dental procedures can create a major setback for the patient. A single experience of traumatic dental extraction can scar the patient and subsequently avoidance for treatment. Such a patient should be dealt with care so that any procedure rendered should not cause any more trauma to the patient. Dental lasers are one such modality which can aid in reducing the anxiety of the patient as well as create confidence in the patient to get dental treatments. The present case report is a patient with Dental anxiety assessment with MDAS, treated by Positive reinforcement and Diode laser (940nm) excision of Traumatic fibroma in the buccal mucosa. The Positive reinforcement and Diode laser procedure helped the patient to overcome Dental anxiety and was able to accept other dental procedures without any fear or anxiety.

ABSTRACT
Coronaviruses (CoV) are large family of viruses that is responsible for causing illness such as common cold to more severe diseases. The common symptoms associated with COVID-19 are fever, tiredness and dry cough, body aches, nasal congestion, sore throat and diarrhea. WHO timely updating the guidelines to address the COVID pandemic so as to reduce the risk of spreading of the disease. Dental professionals are at high risk hence special guidelines are released for the dental field. Orthodontic treatment is a time taking procedure which ranges from 1 to 2 yrs. Orthodontists are committed to the patients but at the same time are responsible for the safety of patients and orthodontic team. We aim to jot down important points regarding how to manage orthodontic cases in this pandemic

ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the reasons for root canal treatment carried out in the department of Restorative Dentistry of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital and the College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria between July 2006 and June 2010. Material and Method: This is a longitudinal prospective study or treatment of patients to collate reasons given for root canal treatment. This was done by obtaining data directly from the patient during clerking which also include demographic data such as gender, age, occupation and other relevant information. Results:The number of patients was 320 but there were 372 teeth treated for root canal treatment. 287 had one root canal treatment done, while 20 patients had 2 root canal treatment, 8 had 3 root canal treatment done, 5 patient had more than 3 root canal treatment. First molars were the most frequently treated teeth with 141 teeth treated while the mandible had greater number of first molar treated (90). 2nd Molar are equally distributed in the arches formed and they formed second largest of treated teeth while the central incisors had 61 cases with the maxilla the contributing 91% for the root canal treatment. Caries and irreversible pupils were the commonest reason given for carrying out root canal treatment (53.2%) while acute dento-alveolar abscess came a distant second with 13.2%. Conclusion: Irreversible pulpitis/caries with its sequelae is the most common reasons given for root canal treatment.

ABSTRACT
Here we present a case report of a patient diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia with poor oral hygiene maintenance and we emphasize in the importance of oral hygiene maintainence in such patients.

ABSTRACT
Aim: The objective of this study is to evaluate clinically the reasons given for amalgam failure and subsequent replacements to avoid the pitfalls and issues concerning the failure of such restorations so that the restoration may have longer longevity and consequently greater success. Material And Method: The record file is the material used for the study and this record of treatment extracted from the records, with a regular attendee defined, record of α, 3 or 4 surfaces extracted and those regular attendees recalled for a cross-examination purposes to determine their inclusion or not in the study. There is also a set of inclusion criteria to be followed. Results: Fractured amalgam restorations, marginal fracture/Ditching, Recurrent caries, dislodged amalgam restoration, cervical overhang of amalgam restorations, fractured cusp and iatrogenic causes were listed as the reasons given for amalgam failure and consequent replacements. All 2, 3, 4 surfaces restorations were grouped together and fractured amalgam restoration amounted to 23 (70.9%), Marginal fractures/ditching 45 (13.5%), recurrent caries 30 (9.0%), Dislodged amalgam restoration 10 (3.0%), cervical overhang of amalgam restoration 8 (2.4%) and fractured cusp 4 (1.2%). The study was subjected to gender test and the same order was seen. In females fractured amalgam restoration formed (46.8%) of all the restoration, marginal fracture/Ditching 8.1% (27), Recurrent Caries 6.0% (20), Dislodged amalgam restoration 0.9% (03) and cervical overhanging amalgam restoration was 2.1% (07) fractured cusp was 0.6% (02) while male amalgam restoration accounts for 24% (80),, Ditching 5.4% (18) Recurrent caries 3.0% (10), dislodged amalgam restoration 2.1% (07) and cervical oveehanging 0.3% (01) and fractured cusp 0.6% (02). When the results of the study for replacement of amalgam was pooled together for all gender fractured amalgam restoration, marginal defect (Ditching, Recurrent caries, Dislodged amalgam restoration and