ABSTRACT
This paper dealt with the role of trade openness in the changes occurring in the Tunisian labor market over the period from 1983 to 2012. Tunisia's foreign trade orientations opted for a gradual opening up, causing a redistribution of resources within the industry and a reallocation of employment and real wages. Empirically, an error correction model (time series) was adopted in order to estimate the long- and short-run effects of international trade on labor demand and real wage levels in each manufacturing industry. The obtained results differentiated between the short and long-runs and the studied industries due to the divergence of the companies’ reaction. This difference of the Tunisian manufacturing industries might be the result of a dissimilarity of their nature (exportable or importable), size, degree of integration into the international economy, productivity level of their skilled and unskilled workers, and so on. Such differences reflect the complexity of the problems that the Tunisian authorities may face in the implementation of sectoral policies aimed at creating jobs and/or raising the workers’ wages.

ABSTRACT
The evolution of labour markets globally reflects a shift from agrarian-based economies to diversified industrial and service-oriented structures. In this context, labour market dynamics are deeply interwoven with broader socio-political and institutional frameworks. The current era of hyper-globalization further underscores the need to examine these markets not just through an economic lens, but also from sociological and political perspectives. Since gaining independence, India’s labour market has undergone considerable transformation. Despite lagging behind developed economies in setting global benchmarks for labour standards—such as wage parity, working conditions, employment contracts, collective bargaining rights, and inclusivity—the country has made consistent efforts to reform its labour regulations in line with evolving socio-economic needs. A landmark development in this direction was the introduction of the Four Labour Codes in 2020, which aim to consolidate and simplify 44 existing labour laws. The changing approach to labour in India reflects a broader attempt to balance economic flexibility with social protection. The current reforms strive to foster a more inclusive and dynamic labour market that supports both economic growth and worker welfare. This paper seeks to analyse the structural foundations of India’s labour market, examine the evolution of labour institutions post-independence, and evaluate the key challenges and developments that have shaped its current form. It intends to understand the new Labour Codes—their proposed structures, implementation frameworks, and limitations. Finally, the paper attempts to explore the future trajectory of India’s labour market in light of these transformative reforms, with a focus on building inclusive labour institutions that respond effectively to India’s diverse socio-economic realities.

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to explain the safety performance of rafting tour guides in Indonesia. This study also aims to examine the role of safety motivation for rafting guide members who have competency certificates as boat pilots for rafting tours in terms of the effect of their safety culture. The study was conducted at several popular rafting tourist locations in Indonesia. There were six research locations with a population of 993 tour guides, and 169 were selected using a proportional random sampling method. Research on the behavior of tour guides, particularly for rafting, remains relatively scarce. This type of research is quantitative, involving the description and explanation of causal relationships. Primary data were obtained from a Likert scale questionnaire using mean analysis and the Structural Equation Model, assisted by SPSS and AMOS programs. The results of the study prove that safety culture does not directly impact safety performance, and safety motivation plays a full role (full mediation) in the context of the influence of safety culture on safety performance.

ABSTRACT
The practice of corporate governance is one of the major factors considered to support and promote existence of accountability, transparency, and ethics in organizations, as well as having a positive impact on their financial results. Objective of this research was to analyze influence of corporate governance practices on financial performance of Kenyan constitutional offices, considering National Land Commission (NLC) as a case study. Specifically, the research aimed to establish influence of transparency, accountability, ethical conduct and compliance on financial performance of these publicly constituted offices. Study was anchored on stakeholder theory, Institutional theory, Agency theory, Resource dependency theory and stewardship theory. Descriptive research design was adopted on a population of sixty-four respondents from National Land Commission. Census sampling techniques together with the use of standardized questionnaires were employed to gather data from three departments: finance, corporate planning, and administration from the institution between March and April 2025. Results were analyzed by use of summary statistics, in particular mean, frequencies and standard deviation while statistical inference analyzed using multiple correlation. To assess significance of survey parameters, the researcher used Pearson correlation and simple linear regressions. Results obtained exhibited strong and positive association between transparency, accountability and overall financial performance of the company, whereas ethical conduct and compliance had minor and non-significant influences. However, positive effect on company culture and risk management was acknowledged. The study suggested that Kenyan constitutional offices should make their financial reporting more transparent, reinforce accountability through audits and reports, and incorporate value of ethics into their corporate culture. It is recommended that future research be designed as longitudinal studies so

ABSTRACT
Investment studies are fundamental to understanding how to improve living standards and achieve economic growth and stability. The Iraqi economy has experienced sharp fluctuations in growth since 2004 as a result of the interaction of economic and political factors. This research aims to measure and analyze the impact of economic growth and stability on investment in Iraq during the study period using a normative analytical approach, specifically the ARDL model. The research concludes that there is a long-term positive impact of GDP on investment in Iraq. This means that a one-unit increase in the GPT index leads to a 0.5-unit increase in total investment (GF), assuming all other factors remain constant. Conversely, a one-unit increase in the IN index leads to a 0.2-unit decrease in total investment (GF), assuming all other factors remain constant, negatively impacting long-term investment in Iraq. The report recommends strengthening economic stability through sound monetary, fiscal, and trade policies, providing a secure environment, and boosting investor confidence to attract both domestic and foreign investment.