ABSTRACT
Background: Prematurity is a common but understudied cause of neonatal admissions and mortality in Nigeria. This study aimed to determine the pattern and outcome of premature neonatal admission in a southwestern institution in Nigeria. Methods: The study was a retrospective study conducted among twenty-eight preterm neonates admitted to the special care baby unit between December 2024 and July 2025. Sociodemographic data of mothers and clinical details of neonates were extracted from their case notes. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS v25. Results: The 28 premature neonates that were studied aged between 1 hour and 23 days at admission. Five (17.9%) had estimated gestational age less than 28 weeks, 12 (42.8%) between 28 - 31 weeks and 11 (38.3%) between 32 - 36 weeks. Eighteen (64.3%) were delivered per vagina and 10 (35.7%) by caesarian section. Birth weights ranged between 0.82 – 3.00kg. Ten (35.7%) preterm deaths and 2 (7.1%) maternal deaths were recorded among the 28 neonates. Preterm deaths were more significantly associated with maternal mortality. (P = 0.04). Conclusion: Prematurity is a significant cause of admission and death in the neonatal age group. Strategies and interventions to prevent preterm deliveries and death need to be engaged urgently in both the management of premature babies and their mothers.

ABSTRACT
Background: Consanguinity, which is defined as marriage between close biological relatives (first and second cousins) is a deeply rooted cultural norm in India. Although socially acceptable in sore communities, it carries a genetic and health cost for children. Objectives: This paper investigates the prevalence and correlates of consanguinity in India, with particular reference to its socio-cultural patterning and health implications. Methods: A review of the published literature, of national survey data and regional interventions was undertaken to measure the prevalence of consanguinity, its social determinants and its genetic outcomes. Results: It is the aim of the current report to summarize what is currently known about consanguinity in India among Hindu and Muslim populations. While deemed desirable for social and economic reasons by families, offspring from consanguineous relations have a higher chance of congenital anomalies, hereditary diseases, and early death. Conclusion: The practice of consanguinity in Indian population is still turning on the wheel due to culture, religion, and financial reasons. Nevertheless, increased knowledge of genetic health hazards, prematrimony counselling, and expanded educational privilege are slowly bringing this to an end. Education and community-based interventions are needed to prevent negative health consequences while respecting local traditions.

ABSTRACT
Background: The opioid crisis in the United States continues to escalate, with over 80,000 opioid-related deaths annually, many involving synthetic opioids like fentanyl. Dentists, particularly general practitioners, historically contributed significantly to opioid prescribing, often serving as a point of first exposure to opioids for adolescents and young adults. Objective: This review explores the evolving role of general dentists in the context of the opioid epidemic, analyzing their responsibilities, current prescribing practices, and potential contributions to mitigating misuse through evidence-based interventions. Methods: A narrative review of current literature, public health guidelines, and policy frameworks was conducted to assess the contribution of dental prescribing to opioid misuse and to identify best practices in pain management, education, and policy compliance. Results: While opioid prescriptions by dentists have declined, inappropriate and excessive prescribing remains prevalent. Evidence supports the efficacy of non-opioid analgesics, such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen combinations, as first-line therapy for most dental pain. National guidelines, including those from the ADA and CDC, advocate limited opioid use, implementation of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs), and enhanced provider education. Patient counseling and expectation management also play a vital role in reducing misuse. Conclusion: General dentists are uniquely positioned to influence opioid prescribing practices. By embracing non-opioid alternatives, adhering to clinical guidelines, and engaging in ongoing education and patient communication, dentists can significantly reduce the risk of opioid misuse while ensuring effective pain management. A multidisciplinary, evidence-based approach is essential to positioning dentistry as a proactive force in addressing the opioid epidemic.