ABSTRACT
Background and Objective: Growth is considered outcome of interactions among several factors, where thyroid hormones, cortisol, aldosterone and testosterone plays a key role in coordination of these factors and the information of these hormones in relation to age, growth and live body weight in buffalo calves is not adequate. The objective of the study was to determine the changes in blood biochemical components and hormonal levels in relation to the change in each of age, live body weight and body weight gain of Egyptian male buffalo’s calves from birthing to puberty age. Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out on 10 male buffalo calves from at birthing until 24 months of age. The animals were weighed at birth, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months and daily body weight gain (DBWG) was calculated. During weighing the calves, 0ne blood sample from the Jugular vein of each calf was withdrawn with anticoagulant and plasma was separated to estimate thyroxin (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), cortisol, testosterone and aldosterone hormonal level as well as glucose and protein fractions. Results and Discussion: The highest level of T4 was at birthing (120.2 nmol/l) and decreased to 95.9 nmol/l at weaning. The highest level of T3 was found at birthing (8.4nmo/l) and decreased to 5.9 nmol/l at weaning age. The lowest cortisol level was at birthing (7.3 ng/dl) while the highest cortisol value was at weaning (23.2 ng/dl) and after 24 months of age (22.6 ng/dl). The highest level of aldosterone was 7.6 ng/ml at birth and 7.3 ng/ml at weaning. Testosterone level increased progressively with increase the age of buffalo calves. T4, T3 and aldosterone hormones have negative significant correlations with each of age, LBW and DBG of buffalo calves. While testosterone level has a highly positive correlation with each of age, LBW and DBG of buffalo calve. Glucose and globulin levels have a negative significant correlation with each of age, LBW and DBG of buffalo calves. Conclusion:

ABSTRACT
An initial investigation in seventeen marketed brands of black tea of Bangladesh (viz; Seylon, Tetley, Duncan, National, Fresh, Teer, Finlay, Starship, Ispahani, Cosmo, Magnolia, Danish, Shaw Wallace, Pusti, Kazi & Kazi, HRC and Lipton Taaza tea) randomly collected from the local supermarkets was carried out for the variation of qualitative status. The experiment was done in 2016, 2017 and 2018 for determining the active components [caffeine (CAF), total polyphenol (TP), theaflavin (TF), thearubigin (TR), theabrownin (TB), highly polymerized substances (HPS), total liquor colour (TLC), colour index (CI), briskness index (BI) and antioxidant activity (AA)]. All the studied quality parameters were found to vary significantly (P<0.05) with the marketed brands of tea. The average values of CAF, TP, TF, TR, TB and HPS in Seventeen marketed brands were determined to be 4.17%, 22.45%, 1.40%, 14.05%, 7.04% and 5.25% respectively. Whilst the average values of TLC, CI, BI and AA in the seventeen marketed brands of tea were estimated to be 4.00; 7.29; 25.28 and 86.77% respectively. The present study concludes that in relation to total active components so far studied, Lipton Taaza tea was regarded as the best one among the seventeen marketed brands of black tea of Bangladesh and all the studied brands of black tea were found to be graded in the order of Lipton Taaza> National> Kazi & Kazi> Cosmo> Duncan> Finlay> Ispahani> Shaw Wallace> Magnolia> Seylon> HRC> Tetley> Teer> Pusti> Fresh> Danish> Starship. The sequence of active components in all the studied brands of tea followed the sequence of price. The market price of all the studied brands of tea was found to be changed positively with the qualitative status.

ABSTRACT
Malnutrition is one of the major public health problem around the under developed country and particularly in Côte d'Ivoire. The nutritional status is one of the best world indicator of the individual well-being. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Spirulina supplementation on certain serum biochemical parameters in growing wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus) for three months. Four homogeneous groups of six rats each, contained three males and three females, were used. Group 1 (control) received conventional food (FACI® granules) ad libithum and distilled water at a rate of 10 ml/kg of body weight while groups 2, 3 and 4, received FACI® granules, Spirulina at 10 (Group 2), 50 (Group 3) and 100 mg/kg (Group 4) of body weight. Blood samples collected from the orbital sinus permitted to take 5 ml of blood that were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The serum collected was used to determine biochemical parameters. Analysis of results revealed that transaminases (AST and ALT) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at 50 and 100 mg/kg bw. Lipids measured out as well as glycemia knew also a significant (P < 0.05) decrease at all doses. As for creatinine and urea, they have all known a significant (P < 0.05) decrease as well as total and conjugated bilirubins. Total protein increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 50 and 100 mg/kg b.w. In conclusion, Spirulina supplementation acts favorably on blood biochemical parameters and could therefore contribute to improve certain vital organs functioning, in particular liver and kidneys.

ABSTRACT
The effect of oleifera leaves diets against anemia was investigated in Wistar rats. Three groups of six rats each were formed. Moringa Hemolytic anemia was induced in rats by phenylhydrazine at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally for two successive days. The rats, which received phenylhydrazine were subjected to Ranferon® (Reference substance) and two régimes food P50% and P100% contained respectively 50% and 100% of sheet Moringa oleifera from day 2 (D2) until the end of the experiment to day 28 (D28). Blood was taken from all the rats to days D0, D2, D5, D14 and D28. Diets made from leaves of Moringa oleifera (P50% and P100%) and Ranferon® have significantly restored the red blood cell parameters changed by phenylhydrazine. In addition, P50% provided better values of erythrocyte parameters than P100%. However, no significant change in body weight was observed. This study revealed that these diets based on Moringa oleifera leaves has excellent therapeutic efficacy, thus confirming the use of this dietary supplement in the treatment of anemia.

ABSTRACT
Fat soluble vitamins consists of many vitamins in which vitamin A is major fat soluble vitamins, Vitamin A actually an assembly of unsaturated and double bonded organic compounds in which carbon is major element of its structure, it is known as retinol, retinal and retinoic acid (because of their structure and position of its atoms). Vitamin A has been showed its importance by the fact that it cannot be manufactured in the human body and must be taken from the outside of body through diet. Pro-active form of fat soluble vitamin A are carotenoids as it is formed in plants also considered as important and major alimentary source of Vitamin A when it has been passed through the process of break down by enzymes (which are actually protein in nature). It has been considered that lack of Vitamin A is primary cause of worldwide load of ailments that specifically effect the states of shortage of Vitamin A sources. Vitamin A act as immunomodulator and enhance erythropoietic activity thereby improving iron (ferritin) levels and reducing anemic condition in vulnerable groups.

ABSTRACT
Milk Ring Test (MRT) was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in dairy cows in Bahri North locality, Sudan, to evaluate the associated risk factors of brucellosis as well as to estimate the qualitative risk of brucellosis to public health from consuming raw milk contaminated with Brucella. The Seroprevalence of brucellosis in dairy cows screened was found to be 33.3% using MRT. Chi-square test showed significant association between brucellosis and risk factors such as breed (P-value.030), rearing system (P-value.008), sharing of bull- for fertilization with other farms (P-value.008), and testing of new animals before introducing them into the farm (P-value.030). All results comparing the association between Chi square and the rearing system were found to be significant in the Logistic Regression (P-value.041).Value chain using the OIE frame work for risk analysis with some adjustments as to fit with an assessment for an endemic disease, together with value chain analysis designed by FAO for disease management were used to qualitatively assess the risk for the spread of brucellosis amid dairy cows and hence milk produced. The release pathway of brucellosis in value chain represents the probability of spread of Brucella into the farm and prodsucing contaminated milk , this was found to be high which means the risky event is likely to occur this year or in frequent intervals. In this study the exposure risk represents probability of producing and marketing of milk that contaminated with Brucella, which was assessed to be medium, which means the risky event is likely to occur more than once in the next three years as explained by the DEFRA model. The overall risk estimation for brucellosis was found to be high, which means the risky event is likely to occur among farms workers, and consumers this year or at frequent intervals.

ABSTRACT
Stunting remains a global public health problem and poor Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices are key contributory factors. The objective of this study was to determine the association between stunting and the IYCF knowledge and practice of mothers with children aged 6-59 months. A cross sectional study was conducted in Mutasa District involving children aged 6-59 months and their mothers (n=82). Interviews were conducted that collected information on demographics and IYCF knowledge and practices. Weight, height and Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) were measured according to WHO guidelines. ENA for SMART software was used to compute Weight-for-Height (WHZ), Weight-for-Age (WAZ), and Height-for-Age (HAZ) z scores. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20. In this study 28% of the children were stunted, 9.8% were overweight, 4.9% were wasted and 4.9% were underweight. 75.6 % of the mothers successfully breastfed their infant within first hour after delivery, breastfeeding was high at 82.9 %. While, only 13.4% continued breastfeeding up to the age of two years. The prevalence of stunting was highest in boys (40%) than girls (16.7%), P=0.019. Higher birth order (P=0.01) was significantly associated with stunting. The higher the birth order the higher the likelihood of stunting (P=0.010). Stunting was more common in the age group 24-59 months (32.4%) compared to age group 6-23 months (25%) (P=0.465). There was a significant association between knowledge on early initiation of breastfeeding and its practice (P=0.003). Stunting prevalence was high mostly affecting boys. Therefore, ongoing multisectoral community based stunted reduction initiatives should be strengthened in this and related settings.

ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible bioaccumulation of certain heavy metals – namely Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) -in the internal parts of chickens. A total of 80 chicken muscles, kidney, liver and gizzard samples (20 of each) were randomly collected from different chicken farms, in Omdurman locality- Sudan. Water samples were also obtained from the water reservoir in each farm. Then wet digestion of samples was done followed by the use of Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) to measure the level of Pb and Cd. The two heavy metals were found to be present in all studied parts of the chickens. The concentration of Cd varies significantly within the poultry tissue but fall within the permissible limits for meat consumption set by the FAO and Sudanese Standards and Metrology Organization (SSMO). The mean values of Cd were 0.013 ±0.001μg/g, 0.033±0.002μg/g, 0.028 ± 00.005μg/g and 0.037±0.003μg/g, in muscles, kidneys liver and gizzard respectively. The concentration of Cd in water was 0.0031±0.003μg/l which was within the permissible limits. The level of Pb varied significantly within the poultry tissue but was above the permissible limits. The mean values of Pb in gizzard was the highest followed by kidney then liver and the least concentration was detected in muscles 0.224±0.013μg/g, 0.295±0.007μg/g,0.266±0.014μg/g and 0.350±0.026μg/g respectively, while the concentration in water was 0.150±0.006μg/ and was also higher than the permissible limits. Precocious steps must be taken to monitor and reduce the concentrations of lead in water and feed used by poultry farmers. Also governmental efforts are needed to control the environmental pollution which may be an additional source for contamination.

ABSTRACT
This descriptive and experimental study was conducted between September and November 2019 in in Khartoum State, Sudan with the objective of evaluating food safety management systems (FSMS) in hotels' restaurants using risk-based inspection. Cooked meat was taken as an example for the final products to evaluate the bacterial load in food. The risk factors encountered in the operational process steps for final meals preparation in the restaurants were investigated using a checklist, direct observations and microbial testing. The results of the study revealed that the evaluation of operational process steps showed that three quarters (3, 75%) of hotels' restaurants received raw meat from reliable sources and stored it at an appropriate temperature (adequate cooling). On the other hand, cooking, cold storage and reheating process steps were found adequate in only one quarter (1, 25%) in the investigated restaurants. The mean total bacteria count (TBC) in cooked meat was found to be 2.576 X 105, 2.866 X 105, 3.432 X 105 and 3.272105 in hotels A, B, C, and D, respectively with highly significant difference between the standard mean and the mean of TBC, with p≤0. 05. This mean TBC reported in this study was found higher than the permissible limits used in this study. The results of the total coliform counts (TCC) in the four restaurants were 2.5X103, 1.112X103, 2.3 X103 and 1.123X103 in hotels A, B, C, and D, respectively. While there was highly significant difference between the TCC in the four restaurants and the standard permissible limits of total bacteria count, also there was significant differences in the TCC between the four restaurants with p ≤0. 05. This mean TCC reported in this study was found higher than the permissible limits used in this study. The relative risk estimate of operational process steps such as unapproved source, improperly received and stored ingredients and inadequate preparation of food were estimated at almost five times more than when they