ABSTRACT
CNS infections represent a wide spectrum of diseases, out of which fungal infections make a fare subset. In the last two decades, more frequent use of immunosuppressive therapies especially in patients with autoimmune diseases along with usage of chemotherapeutic agents in oncological patients has led to increase in the incidence of fungal infections. Occasionally the radiological manifestations overlap with that of primary brain glial cell tumors as seen in our case. A 20 years old female presented to a tertiary care cancer hospital with complaints of headache and vomiting for last two months. On imaging there was heterogeneously enhancing left frontal parasagittal mass involving genu of corpus callosum with surrounding vasogenic edema. There was adjacent meningeal enhancement also seen. It was favored to be a high grade glioma; however differentials of Cerebritis and focal infective lesion were also considered. MR Spectroscopy was interpreted as of intra-axial high-grade glial cell tumor. Burr hole biopsy samples were sent for histopathology revealed multiple scattered granulomas containing few giant cells representing fungal infection. Fungal infections usually manifests as intracranial extra axial lesions with heterogeneous or peripheral enhancement. The imaging findings overlap with that of high-grade gliomas and can be misinterpreted as in this case. Thus, it is important to have a good understanding of the radiological presentation as well as have a known how of the clinical presentations to reach to a better diagnosis.

ABSTRACT
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) also known as urothelial carcinoma is the one of the most common primary tumor of the urinary tract. Entire length of the urinary tract can be involved, however the bladder involvement is by far the most common and is usually diagnosed at cystoscopy. Only 10% of the TCC is found in the upper tract. 1 Smoking and exposure to various industrial chemicals are known risk factors. Usually men are more affected with mean age of 60 years. Metastasis in the TCC is not unknown and may involve several regions including lymph nodes, liver, lungs, bones and adrenal glands. Rarely metastases into the brain, skin or spleen can also be encountered. Owing to poor prognosis in the metastatic TCC, it is of high concern to have a thorough knowledge regarding the spectrum and features of metastases in the patients of transitional cell carcinoma. In this pictorial essay, we have set forth various presentations of metastases and their imaging appearances presented in our Tertiary Care oncological setup.

ABSTRACT
Background: This study set out to (1) describe the ultrasound features of non traumatic acute abdomen (NTA) among paediatric patients at Mulago National Referral Hospital (MNRH); (2) to describe the common clinical presentations of NTA paediatric emergencies at MNRH; (3) to relate the clinical features with ultrasound findings and lastly (4) to relate the ultrasound findings with the final diagnosis (whether surgically or medically managed). Materials and methods: A prospective cross sectional study was carried out. Eighty-seven paediatric patients (12 years and below) who were sent for ultrasound scan of the abdomen following an initial clinical impression of acute abdomen were scanned at MNRH radiology department between March 2015 and March 2016. Linear and a curvilinear probes from a Samsung Medison Sonoace R7 Ultrasound machine model 2013 were used. To answer the research questions, categorical variables were summarized using proportions. Continuous variables were summarized by computing the median and range. Results: The commonest clinical presentations of children with NTA besides abdominal pain werefever (69%) and vomiting (67%). The patients who presented with vomiting were more likely to have positive US findings. The commonest ultrasound findings were mesenteric lymphadenitis 18 (21.1%), ascites 14 (16.8%) and pneumoperitonium(10.6%).The most common US diagnosis in infants was intussusception 6 (29%), while children 1-3 years were mostly diagnosed with mesenteric lymphadenitis 3(27%) and ascites 3(27%), those aged between 4-7 years 6 (40%); 8-12 years 7 (25%) were mostly diagnosed with mesenteric lymphadenitis. Conclusion: The commonest ultrasound findings were mesenteric lymphadenitis, ascites and pneumoperitonium. The most common US diagnosis in infants was intussusception 6 (29%), while children 1-3 years were mostly diagnosed with mesenteric lymphadenitis 3(27%) and ascites 3(27%), those aged between 4-7 years 6 (40%); 8-12 years 7 (25%) were mostl

ABSTRACT
Background: Intraoral radiography is requested to evaluate the dentition or oral cavity. During the procedure scatter radiation reach close structures like the parotids glands. The study is aimed to determine the radiation doses to the parotid and thyroid glands. Materials and method: A prospective cross-sectional descriptive study design was adopted from March 2018 to March 2019 with 55 patients undergoing intra-oral radiography at dental clinic of Living Word Mission Hospital, Aba, using thermo luminescent dosimeters (TLDs). The TLD was used to measure the Entrance Surfaces Doses (ESDs) to the parotid gland by placing it the skin over the parotid. The doses were read and mean ESD of all patients calculated. Result: The results indicated entrance surface doses (ESD) ranged between 0.13mGy to 2.76mGy for the parotid and 0.11mGy to 3.92mGy to the thyroid. The overall mean ESD±SD to the parotids and thyroid were 1.07±0.62mGy and 1.05±0.82mGy respectively. The mean ESD±SD for males were 1.10±0.63mGy and 1.08±0.88mGy for parotid and thyroid glands respectively, while that for females were 1.02±0.61mGy and 1.00±0.74mGy for the parotids and thyroid glands respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between these means. Conclusion: The doses obtained were lower than the documented threshold that could cause significant damage to the parotid gland, not undermining stochastic effect of radiation. This study will assist in setting diagnostic reference level for intraoral radiography in Nigeria.